Wisdom, Morality, and Meditation Free Essays

The Fourth Noble Truth is the Noble Eightfold Path, which is also referred to as â€Å"Magga. † The Noble Eightfold Path essentially has three main parts: Wisdom, Morality, and Meditation. These three sections represent the eight sections of the Noble Eightfold Path. We will write a custom essay sample on Wisdom, Morality, and Meditation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wisdom is broken down into â€Å"Right View† and â€Å"Right Intention. † Next, morality consists of â€Å"Right Speech,† â€Å"Right Action,† and â€Å"Right Livelihood. † Finally, meditation consists of â€Å"Right Effort,† â€Å"Right Mindfulness,† and â€Å"Right Concentration. † One may think that these eight parts must be followed in a specific order, however, all eight parts work mutually dependent of each other. Right View is a part of Wisdom and, according to our class lectures, is the â€Å"Middle Way between eternalism and nihilism; the emptiness of all things. † Right View distinguishes wholesome (beneficial) things from unwholesome (harmful) things. A few examples of unwholesome things from our class notes are: onslaught of living beings, taking what is not given, sensual misconduct, lying speech, divisive speech (idol speech), harsh speech, covetousness, and wrong view. The roots of unwholesomeness can be narrowed down to three things: greed and desire, hatred and anger, and ignorance and confusion. Thich Nhat Hanh describes the importance of Right View and what it is within chapter 9. Right View is known as samyag drishti. TNH talks about how seeds are planted within our bodies, and everyone has them. I thought it was the coolest analogy when TNH taught of these seeds within our bodies. It seems like everyone has each kind of seed of all different traits, but it depends on whether or not those seeds are watered within our bodies. He says: If you live in an environment where your seed of loyalty is watered, you will be a loyal person. But if your seed of betrayal is watered, you may betray even those you love. You’ll feel guilty about it, but if the seed of betrayal in you becomes strong, you may do it. (TNH, 51) This is such an amazing statement because I am a fairly strong believer that you are the product of your environment. Most people do whatever the â€Å"status quo† is in their neighborhood and rarely does anyone make a big jump to do something drastically different. I feel like all people are created the same, at least mentally, and it is up to the upbringing to form how someone acts in life. The reading of TNH’s chapter 9 discussed how it is up to the individual to decide which seed grows more than others within one’s body. In class we discussed how one can try to keep the seed of anger, for example, from growing. It is up to the individual to essentially stunt the seed of anger’s growth when one feels any possibility of anger coming in. While pushing the feeling of anger away, one should try to grow the seed of loving-kindness instead. Within my own life, I try to live by the idea of â€Å"killing people with kindness. † This is my third year as RA here on St.  Bonaventure and when I confront a situation, I try to always be as nice as possible. There’s nothing better than when we are documenting a room for a violation, usually alcohol related, and being overly nice to them. They have no idea how to handle the niceness in the situation. It just makes the situation so much better in the long run. Most people act very mad and rude to us when they are being documented and they don’t expect us, the RA’s, to be nice to them, but when we are nice to them and don’t let their obscene â€Å"hate words† affect us, they don’t know what to do. I feel like this could be a small example of growing my seed of kindness because I could get very angry about the students calling me hateful names for simply doing my job. Instead, I try to do what TNH said in Chapter 10, â€Å"†¦replace an unwholesome thought with a wholesome one by ‘changing the peg,’ just as a carpenter replaces a rotten peg by hammering in a new one. † (TNH, 62) In this example of my RA duties, I replace the unwholesome thought of harsh speech with loving-kindness, compassion, and clarity (education) to why the students are being documented. Discussing â€Å"Morality†, I read a part in which Kornfield was talking about his teacher, Maha Ghosananda (the Gandhi of Cambodia). Kornfield was telling how his teacher would teach the survivors of the 1975-88 genocide in Cambodia practices of compassion and loving-kindness for their own loss and that of others. He said, â€Å"You have lost so much. Now you know how precious everything is in this world. You must love again and let new things grow. † (Kornfield, 81) This quote can be related to â€Å"Right View,† but more importantly the concept of compassion which is within â€Å"Right Conduct† or â€Å"Morality. I absolutely love this quote because I feel like way too many people take their great lives for granted. I am sad to say that I am sometimes right in that category of people. I am always humbled so much when I meet someone who has endured a great amount of pain, or those who have already had cancer and are the same age as me. Right now, while at college I have two close friends who have already battled cancer and are now back at college. It makes me feel like I should be so incredibly thankful for the life that I have been blessed with. Many times one can become attached to something that is not all that important. Meditation can resolve this. In chapter 12 of TNH, it talks about how we have become so efficient and able to talk to places on the other side of the planet, however, he also explains that people have a harder time with one-on-one interactions and speech nowadays. This is an example of becoming attached to technology instead of listening and speaking with people in person. When reading through Kornfield’s 24th chapter, I noticed the stories about Dipama Barua, one of the greatest meditators of the Theravada lineage. They told of how she lost two out of three of her young children to illness and lost her husband due to a heart attack soon after. Most people would feel like there is no longer a reason to live after something like that, and she was one of those people. However, after a year of lying in bed full of grief, she started doing meditation and then eventually became a master of meditation. (Kornfield 382-384) Kornfield had gone to see Dipama and had such an encounter! When he was leaving from seeing her, she touched him and said a 10 minute prayer in which he started to have a realization and see everything in a positive light. After this, he could not stop smiling at everything. (Kornfield 382-384) This encounter between Kornfield and Dipama reminds me of times that I feel like nothing can go right, but all it takes is seeing and talking to someone who you really like and respect. Then, after talking to this one person, you have a totally new positive outlook on life. This short story tells me that how you go through life is all about perspective. This â€Å"halt† in life represents a meditation. Sometimes one has to take a break from their busy lives and just reflect on their life and spirituality. When I have done this in the past, it feels so incredibly rewarding to just take a break from things and reflect on how great life is. When one is thinking about the Noble Eight-Fold Path, one has to remember that all of the â€Å"Rights† link into each other. We need to be compassionate for others, practice loving-kindness, and embrace wisdom, morality, and meditation within our lives to better understand everything. How to cite Wisdom, Morality, and Meditation, Essay examples

Anorexia and the media free essay sample

The Connection Between the Rise in Online Media and Anorexia in Young Woman Abstract Today, social media has expanded to many online medias, giving possible rise to anorexia among young women. In order to test this, an experiment testing womans likeability to eat food after viewing images of skinny woman, is created. In the experiment, a control group of randomized woman are asked to view a slide show exposing them to images of unrealistically skinny woman, selected from various online websites. The other group of woman is exposed to images of savory foods from around the world, also found online. Both slide shows are shown in the same room, but alternate for each woman that walks in. This is to ensure randomization. In the next room woman are offered food set out on a table while they await a survey they believe will take place in the next room. This experiment will test the likelihood of the women who view the images of the skinny models to eat the food from the waiting room. As hypothesized, the women who viewed the images of the models opted out of eating the food in the waiting room, while the women who viewed the food slide show did not resist the waiting room food. Eating disorders are growing rampantly in western civilization and are present in four out of ten individuals, of those four, 0. 9% of woman will struggle specifically with anorexia. (Ekern, 2012) Anorexia Nervosa can be defined as the loss of appetite caused by psychological illness. Young women who suffer from anorexia nervosa have a body image disturbance which leads to dangerous dietary routines and a skewed perception of the body. Namely, these young women are taking the saying you can never be too thin to dangerous extremes. These negative perceptions can e linked with the exposure to unrealistic portrayals of women in the media. Cox, 1997) Sufferers of anorexia believe that the images present in media, such as magazines and television ads, are the true representation of the ideal woman, and therefore look to embody it. In the Cosmopolitan article, Do Models Cause Anorexia? affected by images of thin models, because they do not possess a critical faculty to read the image or e valuate its meaning. (Cox,1997). A study by Burke uses popular Australian womans media to explore the source of anorexia. This study confirms the elief that falsified images in the media lead to anorexia. In the past, images that caused young women to develop a negative self image, were limited to two types of media, print media (news papers, magazines, billboards etc. ) and broadcasted media (television shows and commercials). A study conducted by Ahlers and John Henssen shows that in the past 50 years, a major decline in dependency on newspapers for news has taken place. As a result, newspaper and magazine agencies have responded by going online themselves to recapture lost revenues and leverage their ability to reach consumers both on and offline. Ahlers,2005) Essentially creating an online market for advertisements that present the same images seen in the traditional mediums. Online media is more easily accessible than traditional media and young women are now privvy to the distorted images portrayed in the media at the push of a few computer keyboard keys. The idea of manipulation through media was the platform for online media advertisements. (Reaves,2001) At first, the images g irls would see in the traditional media was brought on by the producers and advertisers that looked to increase lost revenue in traditional media by launching it online. Thus the traditional magazines and newspapers were transformed to online editorial websites. (Ahlers,2005) The advertisements, on these websites, birthed an array of online medias that reinforce the skewed image of a perfect body. (Reaves, 2001) Today, social media has expanded to online magazines, fashion blogs, social networking websites, Online shopping catalogs, websites broadcasting live fashion runway showings and model profiles, plus many more sites giving rise to anorexia among young women. (Cook and Chamberlian,2012) These websites have led to the creation of pro -anorexia websites, also known as Pro-Ana. (Tierney,2006). Pro-Ana websites have opened new possibilities for blow by blow instructions on achieving the desired weight loss through extreme dieting, and chat rooms specifically designed to promote anorexia. (Tierney,2006). Girls are more exposed to anorexia as a result. Considering the high rate of anorexia of girls who look at media, (Cox, 1997) we see that theres a rise in social media, (Ahlers,2005) therefore it is reasonable to believe that anorexia will increase because of higher rates of exposure to social media. This paper will explore the rise of online media and its relation to the rowing rate of anorexia among young women. Method 1000 Woman of all ages and physiques participated in this study. Woman range from the ages 14 to 30. 20 random malls were selected out of 50 malls across the united states, 50 from each mall participate in order to get a mixed population and thus better results. The malls were selected by means of the national mall database and the use of a random number generator. The selected women ranged in all different types of socio economic scales and multiple ethnicities, including Caucasian, Latino, Asian, European, and African American, Native American. Each condition will have 500 woman participants, that are randomly assigned to each group. Measures In order to investigate the possibility that images of woman found in online media determine the ideal body image for young woman and ultimately lead to anorexia, two groups of participants will be exposed to a variety of different images, and will be asked to go to the next room where food will be present. Independent variable is the images that are presented. Dependent variable is the amount of food each participant chooses to eat. Half the participants are exposed to the images of holesome and mouthwatering foods, while the other participants are exposed to images of skinny models. The manipulation is done through the images (V) to see which group of participants will eat more of the food presented in the next room. The dependent variable, food, is measured by how much food each participant ate. This will be measured by only putting out 10 chocolate chip cookies, 30 little pretzels, 20 strawberries, 5 plain bagels with plain cream cheese, 1 apple, a pack of Doritos chips (aprox 20 chips). Each amount of food is looked at to see how much the participant te. The rooms used to show the images are the same exact room. The images are shown on a slide show on a computer, each slide show being different for the control group. The room holding the food is the same room, and the food is exactly the same. Procedure This is a quasistatistical between subjects experimental design. The conditions were randomly assigned to the experiment rooms, causing for nonequivalent groups. The room included one computer that would alternate between the foods and models slide shows to ensure randomization. All the woman did not get to choose which lide show they saw, further making it random. 1000 woman were selected. One group will be exposed to images of thin, beautiful, happy looking woman, while the other group will be exposed to pictures of savory foods from around the world. Both groups will then have to go to a waiting room and told that the real experiment will take place in the next room. In the waiting room a table with an array of different foods will be made available for the participants to indulge in. Each woman is told that she will look at some images on a slide show and will be asked questions about the images in the next room. After each woman finished viewing the slide show, she was escorted to the next room which was referred to as the waiting room until they can enter the next room to answer questions about the slide. This room includes a two way mirror that reveals whether the woman indulges in the food on the table or keeps away. A couch is made available to the woman to sit on, right next to the food. The woman are left in the waiting room for a total of 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, the debriefing takes process. In which the women are told that the experiment tested had were answered as part of the debriefing. Discussion By the end of this 3 week study, the woman who were exposed to the images of skinny models chose not to eat the food in the waiting room, while most of the woman exposed to the images of food, chose to eat. The woman who were exposed to the images of food, not only ate the food, but did so within the first five minutes. The experimental group (exposed to images of models) did as predicted, and did not touch the food. Further showing that images of skinny woman in the media lead to the rise in anorexia. Society can learn from this by lessening the exposure of such images to young girls. These images create a loss of appetite. Limitations This experiment is limited by the inexperience of the researcher. This is the first research conducted by the team. No prior background information was done over the women participants, this may have exposed a preexisting eating disorder that could have changed the results of this experiment. Alternative images could have also been shown, it is possible that woman who viewed the images of food only became hungry because of the food and not their attitude towards being skinny. Although a statistically significant difference was observed within the two conditions, the three- eek time period of this study isnt long enough to show the lasting impacts exposing woman to images of skinny unrealistic woman. Future Research It would be interesting to further explore these unrealistic images that effect individuals. In the next research, further research on the effect on men would be In the further research on men, one could set up the same experiment, only this time creating a slide show of pictures of men who look muscley. This of course would promote exercise, which may seem healthy but it may lead men to over exercise and turn to steroids. Another interesting subject to further research would be to test lder woman, and see how they are effected by the same images the woman in this experiment viewed. Does this create the same effect on older woman?

Liberty University the Significance of the Calling of Paul the Apostle Annotated Bibliography free essay sample

G. A. â€Å"Saul who also is Called Paul. † Harvard Theological Review 33, no. 1 (Ja 1940): 19–33. G. A. Harrer talks about the possibilities of the change in Paul’s name from Saul in this paper. The name change of Saul has always fascinated many. In Acts, Luke mentions twice, Saul (who is also called Paul). Before this, he is only called Saul. After this, he is only called Paul, except when referring to his past. In his letters he even calls himself Paul. What made him change his name and why? What is the significance of this change? Hedrick, Charles W. â€Å"Paul’s Conversion/Call: A Comparative Analysis of the Three Reports in Acts. † Journal of Biblical Literature 100, no. 3 (S 1981): 415–432. C. Hedrick talks about the miracle of Paul’s conversion. He compares and contrasts the three accounts and determines the story of Paul as Luke saw it. The only way to truly understand, he says, is to compare all three accounts side by side. We will write a custom essay sample on Liberty University the Significance of the Calling of Paul the Apostle Annotated Bibliography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page McDonough, Sean M. â€Å"Small Change: Saul to Paul, Again. † Journal of Biblical Literature 125, no. 2 (Sum 2006): 390–391. S. McDonough talks about the name change of Saul. He discusses the negative view behind Saul’s name and mulls over why the name change was significant. McDonough also touches on the introduction of Saul into the New Testament. Meyer, Wendel W. â€Å"The Conversion of St. Paul. † Anglican Theological Review 85, no. 1 (Winter 2003): 13–17. â€Å"One of the most potent influences in the process of Pauls conversion,† Meyer says, â€Å"arose from his indefatigable efforts to create and sustain communities of faith. † In this paper, W. Meyer talks about the importance of Paul’s faith and why his conversion matters so much. He focuses on what happened on the road to Damascus and what impact it had on Paul. Ralston, Timothy J. â€Å"The Theological Significance of Paul’s Conversion. † Bibliotheca Sacra 147, no. 586 (Ap–Je 1990): 198–215. T. Ralston talks about the Damascus Road as the catalyst in Saul’s life. He compares the accounts of Luke and Paul himself in seeking the answers to the importance of Saul’s conversion and why such a man would change so radically. Witherup, Ronald D. â€Å"Functional Redundancy in the Acts of the Apostles: A Case Study. † Journal for the Study of the New Testament 48 (D 1992): 67-86. R. Witherup covers the three part story of Paul’s conversion, much like Charles Hedrick did in his comparative analysis. He has used the idea of â€Å"functional redundancy† as a way to show the importance of Paul’s conversion and his life. Redundancy matters. Repetition is used to help the human brain recognize and memorize things of utmost importance.

Impact of Money Supply Essays

Impact of Money Supply Essays Impact of Money Supply Essay Impact of Money Supply Essay European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol. 41 No. 2 (2010), pp. 314-322  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 eurojournals. com/ejsr. htm Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan Sulaiman D. Mohammad Department of Economics, Federal Urdu University, Karachi E-mail: [emailprotected] om Abstract The purpose of this research is to find out the empirical association among money supply, current account, exchange rate, and industrial production, for this purpose we have used (Johansen, 1988) co integration technique to analyze the long run relationship and Error Correction model to estimate the short run dynamics by using annual data for the period of 1975 to 2008. The domestic variables support long run relationship and weak relation in short run. Fragile combination of fiscal and monetary policy, finding supports Jcurve theory and expenditures switching affect theory. Keywords: Money supply, Current Account, Co-integration JEL Classification: C5, E5, F4 1. Introduction Economic management, stabilization and adjustment of any developing country are totally concern with the main instruments of an economy, monetary policy and foreign exchange rate. In most of developing economies real exchange rate shows the international competitiveness and high inflation as a result of currency devaluation and expansionary monetary policy. Monetary policy refers to implementations of central bank or monetary authorities that focusing on supply and availability of money regarding to reduce unemployment and control inflation. Keynesian economists argue expansionary monetary policy lead to economic growth, Monetarists explain ideal condition for maintaining inflation and steady growth is constant or slow increase of money supply. There are many types of monetary policies which focus on inflation, exchange rate and money supply. Monetarists believe in money supply targeting policy. In exchange rate targeting policy authorities adopt pegged exchange rate and some time devalue local currency in case of developing countries, exchange rate targeting policies lead to increase black economy. In inflation targeting or price level targeting policies central bank adjust interest rate according to economic condition. Interest rate plays a key role towards maintaining output gap and inflation (John B. Tylor). Some European and Asian countries, as well as Pakistan is also practicing inflation targeting policies. In case of our country both policies inflation targeting and exchange rate targeting polices simultaneously practiced but these policies did not show significant impact. What were the main reasons, economists argued that there is no coordination between fiscal and monetary policies. The statistical facts of money supply for last few decades mentioned in appendix. A wide ranging empirical literature has documented deferred and constant effects of monetary policy shocks on output. Theoretically real interest rate, inflation and the industrial production are the Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan 315 result of money supply, expansionary policy leads to depreciate currency and current account deficit in short run while, contractionary monetary shock leads to current account surplus in short run (Jaewoo Lee). Many economists have examined that fluctuation in the central fund rates are a significant proxy for changes in monetary policy. Central fund rate have significant impact on macroeconomic aggregates but after 1980 it has been seen good measure of monetary policy but its impact on macroeconomic aggregates are not considerable (Nathan S. Balke Kenneth M. Emery). (Michael B. Devereux and Hans Genberg) examined by using open macro economic model in the case of China, expansionary monetary policy leads to increase in the real output and permanent price level for the time being, some countries have been selected like Hong Kong and Philippines. It is found an international imbalance have high significant correlation with China exchange rate appreciation. This study shows the positive domestic effect on international economies. Moreover, results emphasize the rising significance of China for its adjacent economies (Tomasz J. Kozluk Aaron N. Mehrotra ). (Lu Min) analyzed a two sectors in a small open economy. Applying general equilibrium approach of expectation they examined current account sensitivity to monetary policy shocks depend on the elasticity of substitution among investment, consumption and risk aversion and in case of a small open economy, current account efficiently react to technological shocks. In case of France, Italy, UK, the monetary policy shocks impact on balance of trade as a result with Expenditure-switching effect and also found a little support J-curve effect (Soyoung Kim). Money supply can be defined in Pakistan that the financial assets are highly liquid among other variables. M2 money supply variable is usually considered as proxy of money supply in most of the cases and it has a closed substitution of liquid asset as well as show the financial assets have used as medium of exchange ( Mahmood-ul-Hasan Khan Fida Hussain). J-curve theory explains the sensitivity of trade variables import and export due to devaluation or depreciation of currency. t first the depreciation in currency leads to deficit in current account and expansive import, but later on access in international market having ease competing with foreign producers cause reduce cost after some period, consequently the volume of export and price of imports increased cause to reduce the current account deficit. Inverted J-curve shows currency again get back to the appreciation. This research shows that the empirical evidence of money supply on current account variables such as import, export, net factor payment and real interest rate, exchange rate, inflation and industrial production. Impact of money supply on economy is sizzling issue of existing scenario, some fruit full detail of money supply in Pakistan find in appendix of this article. Section 1 provide introduction and literature review section 2 an 3 shows data source methodology section 4 and 5 provide result of study and recommendations. 2. Data Source Model Specification We have used time series data from 1975 to 2008. Data has taken from State bank of Pakistan’s web site, World bank data site (WDI) and International finance statistic (IFS) site. Given variables defined as; R denotes short term real interest rate, M denotes monetary aggregate M2, CPI denotes consumer price index, IP denotes industrial production, XR denotes real exchange rate NFP denotes the net factor payment, EX denotes Export and IM denotes proxy of Import. The model of our study is M= ? 0+ ? 1EX + ? 2IM + ? 3R+ ? 4CPI+ ? 5IP+ ? 6XR+ ? 7NFP+â‚ ¬ 3. Econometrics Methodology In multivariate model case, Johansen co integration technique is used to find association between the variables. This study consists six variables therefore, Engle Granger technique is not applicable because it is used for bivariate model. 16 Sulaiman D. Mohammad Generally, empirically evidences confirm that numbers of the macro variables are nonstationary series with traditional approach of ordinary least square (OLS) give the possibility of spurious regression. The non stationary in the variable can be removed by differencing the time series variable. Further objects the similar on the position that such a method involves failure of potential long run information of the data. In this situation, co integration and Error correction techniques hold long run information has been recommended. Co integration method deals with spurious regression and Error correction reflects short run dynamics and attempts to positive causal association. A series that is stationary are differencing â€Å"d† and denoted as I (d). Augmented Dickey Fuller Test also identified as unit root test are employed for testing the stationary and non stationary of the series. ADF testing the subsequent regression equation: ? Yt Y + t + ? ? 2 ? Yt ? k + ? t = ? + ? t ? 1 Where Yt stands for a time series, ? stands for a first difference, T stands for a linear trend, ? stands for a constant and ? is an error term. The null hypothesis of unit root is 0 = ?. If any variable is known to be non stationary it may be tested for stationarity at first difference. If any variable is found stationary at first difference then bivariate co integration test will be implied to recognize the association between variables. In this study Johansen test (1988) method is employed for co integration because of multivariate model. This co integration technique is employed to find out the number of co integration vector (Kerry Patterson). If any variable is co integrated, it reflects that there must be existence of an error correction in series which represent as: ? M = ? + ? 1 ? EX + ? ? IM + ? 3 ? R + ? 4 ? CPI + ? 5 ? IP + ? 6 ? XR + ? 7 ? NFP + ? 8 ? t ?1 + ? Where the error correction term is stationary residual form co integration equation. ECM reflects the ? 8 ? t ? 1 ? coefficient’s significance whether it is to be negative or positive which reflects the short run dynamics of the model. 4. Result Analysis Recent advancement in the field of eco nometrics refers that number of macroeconomics variables series are non-stationary. This influence described such regression is spurious and unpredictable to forecast, if the variables are not found stationary or integrated at different orders. Thus it is essential to verify stationarity of the variables of time series data prior to evaluating the long run association between variables. Table 1: Variables Import Export R CPI IP XR NFP M Significant at 5%level, Lag () Unit root test ADF (Augmented Ducky Fuller) Level with intercept and trend (lag length) 1. 90522(0) 1. 30590 (0) 2. 565322 (0) 3. 212361 (1) 3. 159647 (3) 1. 754631 (1) 2. 32541(3) 1. 95214(3) First Difference with intercept and trend (lag length) 6. 805222(1) 6. 579430 (1) 5. 422587 (0) 4. 646054 (5) 4. 366135 (5) 7. 389702 (0) 4. 23000(1) 5. 32511(1) The table-1 shows the result of unit root test found from using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test. This test has been evaluating the stationarity in the variables with trend and intercept. After evaluated the stationarity at level, our result reflects that there is non stationarity in the data series therefore, we test out the stationarity at first difference, and hence our result exhibits that all the variables are stationary at first difference, now ADF equation is employed again with trend and Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan 317 intercept. The brackets values exhibit the lag length of difference variables and all variables are integrated at first order i. e. is I (1). After evaluated the stationarity between the variables, result postulates that the data is integrated at second order and our next step to verify the long run association between variables whether it is exist or not, for this purpose the Johansen co integration test has been used and its findings in table-2 and table-3 as: Table2: Johensen Co integration test (trace value) Alternative Hypothesis r=1 r=2 r=3 r=4 r=5 r=6 Maximum trace statistics 240. 5128* 157. 804* 97. 22221* 57. 29995* 27. 08921 8. 609252 5% critical value 125. 6154 95. 75366 69. 81889 47. 85613 29. 79707 15. 49471 P-Value 0. 0000 0. 0000 0. 0001 0. 0051 0. 0995 0. 4028 Null Hypothesis r=0 r=1 r=2 r=3 r=4 r=5 Table 3: Johensen Co integration test (Eigen value) Alternative Hypothesis rgt;1 rgt;2 rgt;3 rgt;4 rgt;5 rgt;6 Maximum Eigne Value 83. 23238* 60. 05818* 39. 92226* 30. 21074* 18. 479 96 7. 523857 5% critical value 46. 23142 40. 07757 33. 87687 27. 58434 21. 13162 14. 26460 probability 0. 0000 0. 0001 0. 0084 0. 0225 0. 1129 0. 4292 Null Hypothesis r=0 r=1 r=2 r=3 r=4 r=5 Table no. 2 and 3 shows the result of co integration test. The Johansen- Juselius co integration test illustrates that all these seven variables are co integrated of six vector as we saw in the given table2 and table-3, both maximum trace statistics and maximum eignen values reflect r=6 co integration equation. Optimal lag of VAR model is 2-lag by using Shewariz criterion therefore, the result shows six co integration equations in the VAR model postulates the long run association between variables. The subsequent table-4 exhibits the result of Error Correction Model equation as above given. The ECM is used to analysis the spurious correlation in the short run dynamic association among output, financial structure, physical and capital formation, and financial development. The long run dynamics show in the set of regression equations. Technically, Error Correction Technique calculates the pace of adjustment get back to Co-integrated associations. The ECM estimates a force influencing the integrated variables to go back their long-run relation when they deviate from the deviation (Banerjee, et al, 1994). An equation of error correction model as: ? M = ? + ? 1 ? EX + ? 2 ? IM + ? 3 ? R + ? 4 ? CPI + ? 5 ? IP + ? 6 ? XR + ? 7 ? NFP + ? 8 ? t ? 1 + ? Table 4: Variables D(Exp) D(Imp) D(R) D(CPI) D(IP) D(XR) D(NFP) UT(-1) Error Correction Method Result T-Value -2. 2 2. 8 1. 9 2. 1 2. 3 1. 85 -2. 6 -0. 3 P-Value 0. 02 0. 06 0. 08 0. 09 0. 01 0. 08 0. 05 0. 06 318 Sulaiman D. Mohammad The estimated lagged ECM [error correction term], UT(-1) is negative and highly significant. This result supports the co integration between the variables exhibited in table-3. The feedback coefficient is –0. 3, which advocates a normal adjustment process. Almost 30% of the disequilibria of the earlier year’s shock adjust back to the long run equilibrium association in the present year. 5. Conclusion Implication This research evaluated the effects of money supply on current account using a Johnson’s co integration approach for the economy of Pakistan from the period 1975 to 2008. Our model has exhibited a number of important findings which confirm the impact of monetary policy shocks on current account is dependable on expenditure switching effect, and our results also reflect the little evidence of J-curve impact. Our co-integration and ECM findings also support the theoretical analysis. Our main finding is that the monetary policy system has an important influence on the domestic variables (for instance, output and inflation), but has less influence on external variables such as current account and real exchange rates. In policy rules we have examined that the policy rules seem to work best overall therefore, central bank should target the domestic (producer) inflation. The central bank ought to focus to manage the impact of the currency depreciation on import price inflation rather than adjusting interest rates which help to keep stable producer prices. Our finding also suggests applying pegged exchange rate system due to the high valued currencies are not only lead to volatile inflation but also slow down economic growth. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] David K. Backus and Patrick J. Kehoe, â€Å"International Evidence on the Historical Properties of Business Cycles†, The American Economic Review, Vol. 82, No. 4(Sep. , 1992), pp. 64-888 Balke, Nathan S. and Kenneth M. Emery (1994), `The Federal Funds Rate as an Indicator of Monetary Policy: Evidence from the 1980s, Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, First Quarter, pages 1 16. Michael B. Devereux and Hans Genberg, â€Å"Currency appreciation and Current account adjustment†, HKIMR Working Paper No. 17/2006, December 2006 Tomasz J. Kozluk Aa ron N. Mehrotra , â€Å"The impact of Chinese monetary policy shocks on East Asia†, BOFIT Discussion Papers, 5/2008 Giovanni Olivei Silvana Tenreyro, â€Å"Shocks†, The American Economic Review, June 2007, Vol. 97, No. 3: 636-663. Soyoung Kim, â€Å"Effects of monetary policy shocks on the trade balance in small open European countries†, Economics Letters 71 (2001) 197–203 Lu Min, â€Å"Current account dynamics and optimal monetary policy in a small-open economy†,International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, Volume 2, Number 2, 1 May 2009 , pp. 166-193(28) Saqib, Najam-us and Aliya H. Khan (1988), â€Å"On an Empirical Definition of Money for Pakistan†, Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 27(4), pp 853-859. Bhuiyan, Rokon and Robert F. Lucas, 2007, â€Å"Real and Nominal Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks†, Canadian Journal of Economics, 40, 2, 679-702. Faust, Jon, and John H. Rogers, 2003, â€Å"Monetary Policy’s Role in Exchange Rate Behavior†, Journal of Monetary Economics 50, 1403-24. Jaewoo Lee, Current account and real exchange rate dynamics in the G7 countries Journal of International Money and Finance Volume 25, Issue 2, March 2006, Pages 257-274 Irfan Lal, Volatility of Monetary Policy in a Developing Economy: In Context of Pakistan, European Journal of Scientific Research Vol. 36 No. 2 (2009), pp. 172-183 Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] 319 Peng, X, M. A Marchant and M. R Reed. 004. Identifying Monetary Impacts on Food Prices in China: A VEC Model Approach. Paper Presented in the American Economics Association Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado. August 1-4, 2004. Khan, Rana Ejaz Ali and Gill, Abid Rashid (2007): Impact of Supply of Money on Food and General Price Indices: A Case of Pakistan. Published in: IUB Journal of Social Sciences and Humanit ies , Vol. 5, No. 2 (2007): pp. 125-143. Ongan, Tevfik Hakan and Karabulut, Gokhan (2004): A Simple Model Of Currency Crises And Budget Deficits: The Case Of Turkey. Published in: Maliye Arast? rma Konferanslar? , Vol. 46, (2004): pp. 06-225. Columba: Narrow money and transaction technology: new disaggregated evidence. Forthcoming in: Journal of Economics and Business (2009) Abdul Qayyum, Capital Flows and Money Supply: The Degree of Sterilisation in Pakistan, The Pakistan Development Review 4. 42(2003): pp. 975-985 Arango, Sebastian Ishaq Nadiri, M. , 1981. Demand for money in open economies, Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(1), pages 69-83. Mark L. Gertler , Current Account Dynamics and Monetary Policy, International Dimensions of Monetary Policy, pages 199-244 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc 20 Sulaiman D. Mohammad Appendix Time Deposits M2 as % of Total Deposit GNP (1970-2007) In case of Pakistan the central bank uses these major tools of monetary pol icy: credit to commercial banks, interest rate channels , margin requirement and cash reserve ratios. Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan 321 322 Growth Rates of Monetary Variables (%) Sulaiman D. Mohammad Where gM1: Represent the Growth Rate of Money Supply (M1) gM2: Represent the Growth Rate of Broad Money Supply (M2) gRM: Represent the Growth Rate of Reserve Money.

Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Company - Essay Example Since its inception in the United States, TiVo has penetrated to the Canadian, Australian, Mexican, New Zealand, Puerto Rican, Sweden, Spanish markets among others. Essentially, what TiVo offers is exclusive and unlimited entertainment to its users. TiVo pioneered recording programs concurrent with household viewing habits. In this program as opposed to the others, users can rate programs from three â€Å"thumbs up† to three â€Å"thumbs down† profiling. These ratings are combined to create a recommendation for its viewers. TiVo has also increased its broadband features. This has included and been facilitated by Amazon Video on Demand, Jaman.com and Netflix Watch Instantly. The advantage of this is that it provides users with unlimited access to thousands of movie titles and television shows from their homes. Perhaps the greatest contribution to the viewer’s society and the television industry is by having parental features. This way, the rate of pornography and violent co0ntent is greatly reduced as the parents get to choose what shows their children will watch. In a way therefore, TiVo is actively involved in raising a re sponsible generation. TiVo recently announced its intentions to acquire Digital smiths, a leading cloud-based content discovery service. The service which allows Pay TV operators to deliver an advanced user experience integrating search, discovery and browsing across a variety of devices will only mean more subscription to TiVo (Daft 120). Economically, these will translate to increased returns to scale for this market pacesetter. The devices include Android, Roku, Xbox, Playstation, Kindle and multiple other set-top boxes. TiVo also announced that it has increased its stock repurchase authorization by $100 million and intended to repurchase its $100 million in the first quarter of the 2015 fiscal year. In spite of having gained 234000 subscribers in the last quarter

The similarities and differences of the book Robinson Crusoe and other Research Paper

The similarities and differences of the book Robinson Crusoe and other stories about being stranded - Research Paper Example Just as with the other voyages, this also encounters a storm that wrecks the ship thereby leaving him destitute in an unnamed Island. The story differs from other stories that portray similar plots. Among the differences are discussed below. Setting is a fundamental feature in literature; it refers to the placement of the story. This includes the timing and location of the action. The author of the fictional story places the story in an early American society. The actions in the story take place in 1651 when Robinson Crusoe sets out for the first time. In such an early society, the main means of transport was through ships owing to the lack of the contemporary more efficient means of transportation such as airplanes. Captainship was therefore an equally reputable profession owing to the vibrancy of the transportation industry. This explains Robinson’s great passion to become a sailor. He defies his parent’s wishes and sets out in precarious industry that later threatens to claim his life (Ross 33). The placement of the story validates both the plot and the themes that the author addresses in the novel. This is a major difference with other stories addressing similar concepts key among which is Lost. Adopted into a serial television program, the story revolves around the lives of a group of survivors stranded as their airplane crushes in an inhabited Island in New Guinea. Unlike Robinson Crusoe, the setting in Lost is in a modern society. The series of actions in the story therefore portray the modern day features unlike Robinson Crusoe which portrays various unrealistic features all of which the author validates by placing the story back in time when the society believed in various superstitions. However, the authors of both the stories understand the need for conflicts in the stories. Conflicts sustains stories, the authors therefore develop a series of relative conflicts in their stories thereby authenticating their different plots. Robin son Cr usoe becomes a lone survivor of a shipwreck as he swims to the Island where he survives for several years. He adopts to the life of the jungle as the author strives to develop by portraying him as the protagonist hero. The author positions Robinson Crusoe as a sole survivor a feature that makes the story predictable since from the moment of the shipwreck, an audience understands that the story would center on the life of the sole survivor and if the story is to end on a positive tone then the sole survivor must overcome all his subsequent challenges. The author positions Robinson Crusoe as a strong and independent hero who survives a series of bad luck and unimaginable occurrences. Key among such is his ability to survive a shipwreck that claims the lives of all the people on board. The wind was so strong that it broke the ship into pieces. Robinson Crusoe survives by recovering from memory lapse following the impact of the shipwreck. He adopts a plank and sails slowly to the island hundreds of miles away. Once in the island, Robinson must survive. He therefore adopts various characters as he sets out to look for booth food and a source of warmth. He lights a fire and the story changes setting to center on the life of the sole survivor while on the Island. Unlike in lost where the story portrays various characters, Robinson Crusoe is a sole character in a backward society. The island in which

E-Sport is a Real Sport Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-Sport is a Real Sport - Annotated Bibliography Example This article explores the advent of the internet protocol television and how it relates to e-sports. It focuses on StarCraft 2 and discusses how they use internet protocol television as a means to quickly distribute content. The arguments presented in the paper concur with the idea that e-sport is an innovative activity that heavily relies on new technology, besides being an activity that is fully amerced in the virtual world. In relation to my thesis, this article shows that E-sport can be played online and have an audience. This article explores the question as to whether e-sport is a sport. Additionally, it discusses the play and bonuses that players receive from sponsors. In this article, the play and bonuses are compared to e-sport in the virtual world and doping in the real world sports. The similarities in structures in games and other mediums are also discussed, particularly the appearance of sports managers for each player. Besides, a setup of the development of e-sport is provided in the article. This is useful in understanding the origin and development of e-sport. Importantly, the article tries to explore the problem by giving a clear and inclusive definition of sport. It argues that the efforts to define sport fail  to cover the full concept that ought to be involved in the definition of sport (Mora& Stephane, 2003). This is, therefore, a significant topic for e-sport since the industry has experienced a lot of opposition by referring to themselves as e-sports. Under the ideas presented in this article, e-sport would inevitably be considered a sport and any argument raised against it would be deemed invalid. Although this does not fully resolve the issue, it provides a significant support not only for e-sports but also for other industries that would like to be considered sports.  Ã‚