Monday, December 30, 2019
Bitwise Operations in VB.NET
VB.NET doesnt support bit level operations directly. Framework 1.1 (VB.NET 2003) introduced bit shift operators ( and ), but no general purpose way to manipulate individual bits is available. Bit operations can be very useful. For example, your program might have to interface with another system that requires bit manipulation. But in addition, there are a lot of tricks that can be done using individual bits. This article surveys what can be done with bit manipulation using VB.NET. You need to understand bitwise operators before anything else. In VB.NET, these are: And Or Xor Not Bitwise simply means that the operations can be performed on two binary numbers bit by bit. Microsoft uses truth tables to document bitwise operations. The truth table for And is: 1st Bit   2nd Bit   Result    1      1      1    1      0      0    0      1      0    0      0      0 In my school, they taught Karnaugh maps instead. The Karnaugh map for all four operations are shown in the illustration below. --------Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return-------- Heres a simple example using the And operation with two, four bit binary numbers: The result of 1100 And 1010 is 1000. Thats because 1 And 1 is 1 (the first bit) and the rest are 0. To begin with, lets take a look at the bit operations that are directly supported in VB.NET: bit shifting. Although both left shift and right shift are available, they work the same way so only left shift will be discussed. Bit shifting is most often used in cryptography, image processing and communications. VB.NETs bit shifting operations ... Only work with the four types of integers: Byte, Short, Integer, and Long Are arithmetic shifting operations. That means that bits shifted past the end of the result are thrown away, and the bit positions opened up on the other end are set to zero. The alternative is called circular bit shifting and the bits shifted past one end are simply added to the other. VB.NET doesnt support circular bit shifting directly. If you need it, youll have to code it the old fashioned way: multiplying or dividing by 2. Never generate an overflow exception. VB.NET takes care of any possible problems and Ill show you what that means. As noted, you can code your own bit shifting by multiplying or dividing by 2, but if you use the code your own approach, you have to test for overflow exceptions that can cause your program to crash. A standard bit shifting operation would look something like this: Dim StartingValue As Integer 14913080Dim ValueAfterShifting As IntegerValueAfterShifting StartingValue 50 In words, this operation takes the binary value 0000 0000 1110 0011 1000 1110 0011 1000 (14913080 is the equivalent decimal value - notice that its just a series of 3 0s and 3 1s repeated a few times) and shifts it 50 places left. But since an Integer is only 32 bits long, shifting it 50 places is meaningless. VB.NET solves this problem by masking the shift count with a standard value that matches the data type being used. In this case, ValueAfterShifting is an Integer so the maximum that can be shifted is 32 bits. The standard mask value that works is 31 decimal or 11111. Masking means that the value, in this case 50, is Anded with the mask. This gives the maximum number of bits that can actually be shifted for that data type. In decimal: 50 And 31 is 18 - The maximum number of bits that can be shifted It actually makes more sense in binary. The high order bits that cant be used for the shifting operation are simply stripped away. 110010 And 11111 is 10010 When the code snippet is executed, the result is 954204160 or, in binary, 0011 1000 1110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000. The 18 bits on the left side of the first binary number are shifted off and the 14 bits on the right side are shifted left. The other big problem with shifting bits is what happens when the number of places to shift is a negative number. Lets use -50 as the number of bits to shift and see what happens. ValueAfterShifting StartingValue -50 When this code snippet is executed, we get -477233152 or 1110 0011 1000 1110 0000 0000 0000 0000 in binary. The number has been shifted 14 places left. Why 14? VB.NET assumes that the number of places is an unsigned integer and does an And operation with the same mask (31 for Integers). 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1100 11100000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1111(And)----------------------------------0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1110 1110 in binary is 14 decimal. Notice that this is the reverse of shifting a positive 50 places. On the next page, we move on to some other bit operations, starting with Xor Encryption! I mentioned that one use of bit operations is encryption. Xor encryption is a popular and simple way to encrypt a file. In my article, Very Simple Encryption using VB.NET, I show you a better way using string manipulation instead. But Xor encryption is so common that it deserves to at least be explained. Encrypting a text string means translating it into another text string that doesnt have an obvious relationship to the first one. You also need a way to decrypt it again. Xor encryption translates the binary ASCII code for each character in the string into another character using the Xor operation. In order to do this translation, you need another number to use in the Xor. This second number is called the key. Xor encryption is called a symmetric algorithm. This means that we can use the encryption key as the decryption key too. Lets use A as the key and encrypt the word Basic. The ASCII code for A is: 0100 0001 (decimal 65) The ASCII code for Basic is: B - 0100 0010a - 0110 0001s - 0111 0011i - 0110 1001c - 0110 0011 The Xor of each of these is: 0000 0011 - decimal 30010 0000 - decimal 320011 0010 - decimal 500010 1000 - decimal 400010 0010 - decimal 34 This little routine does the trick: -- Xor Encryption --Dim i As ShortResultString.Text Dim KeyChar As IntegerKeyChar Asc(EncryptionKey.Text)For i 1 To Len(InputString.Text)   ResultString.Text _      Chr(KeyChar Xor _      Asc(Mid(InputString.Text, i, 1)))Next The result can be seen in this illustration: --------Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return-------- To reverse the encryption, just copy and paste the string from the Result TextBox back into the String TextBox and click the button again. Another example of something you can do with bitwise operators is to swap two Integers without declaring a third variable for temporary storage. This is the kind of thing they used to do in assembly language programs years ago. Its not too useful now, but you might win a bet someday if you can find someone who doesnt believe you can do it. In any case, if you still have questions about how Xor works, working through this should put them to rest. Heres the code: Dim FirstInt As IntegerDim SecondInt As IntegerFirstInt CInt(FirstIntBox.Text)SecondInt CInt(SecondIntBox.Text)FirstInt FirstInt Xor SecondIntSecondInt FirstInt Xor SecondIntFirstInt FirstInt Xor SecondIntResultBox.Text First Integer: _   FirstInt.ToString - _   Second Integer: _   SecondInt.ToString And heres the code in action: --------Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return-------- Figuring out exactly why this works will be left as as an exercise for the student. On the next page, we reach the goal: General Bit Manipulation Although these tricks are fun and educational, theyre still no substitute for general bit manipulation. If you really get down to the level of bits, what you want is a way to examine individual bits, set them, or change them. Thats the real code that is missing from .NET. Perhaps the reason its missing is that its not that hard to write subroutines that accomplish the same thing. A typical reason you might want to do this is to maintain what is sometimes called a flag byte. Some applications, especially those written in low level languages like assembler, will maintain eight boolean flags in a single byte. For example, a 6502 processor chips status register holds this information in a single 8 bit byte: Bit 7. Negative flagBit 6. Overflow flagBit 5. UnusedBit 4. Break flagBit 3. Decimal flagBit 2. Interrupt-disable flagBit 1. Zero flagBit 0. Carry flag (from Wikipedia) If your code has to work with this kind of data, you need general purpose bit manipulation code. This code will do the job! The ClearBit Sub clears the 1 based, nth bit (MyBit) of an integer (MyByte).Sub ClearBit(ByRef MyByte, ByVal MyBit)   Dim BitMask As Int16   Create a bitmask with the 2 to the nth power bit set:   BitMask 2 ^ (MyBit - 1)   Clear the nth Bit:   MyByte MyByte And Not BitMaskEnd Sub The ExamineBit function will return True or False depending on the value of the 1 based, nth bit (MyBit) of an integer (MyByte).Function ExamineBit(ByVal MyByte, ByVal MyBit) As Boolean   Dim BitMask As Int16   BitMask 2 ^ (MyBit - 1)   ExamineBit ((MyByte And BitMask) 0)End Function The SetBit Sub will set the 1 based, nth bit (MyBit) of an integer (MyByte).Sub SetBit(ByRef MyByte, ByVal MyBit)   Dim BitMask As Int16   BitMask 2 ^ (MyBit - 1)   MyByte MyByte Or BitMaskEnd Sub The ToggleBit Sub will change the state of the 1 based, nth bit (MyBit) of an integer (MyByte).Sub ToggleBit(ByRef MyByte, ByV al MyBit)   Dim BitMask As Int16   BitMask 2 ^ (MyBit - 1)   MyByte MyByte Xor BitMaskEnd Sub To demonstrate the code, this routine calls it (parameters not coded on Click Sub): Private Sub ExBitCode_Click( ...   Dim Byte1, Byte2 As Byte   Dim MyByte, MyBit   Dim StatusOfBit As Boolean   Dim SelectedRB As String   StatusLine.Text    SelectedRB GetCheckedRadioButton(Me).Name   Byte1 ByteNum.Text Number to be converted into Bit Flags   Byte2 BitNum.Text Bit to be toggled   The following clears the high-order byte returns only the   low order byte:   MyByte Byte1 And HFF   MyBit Byte2   Select Case SelectedRB      Case ClearBitButton         ClearBit(MyByte, MyBit)         StatusLine.Text New Byte: MyByte      Case ExamineBitButton         StatusOfBit ExamineBit(MyByte, MyBit)         StatusLine.Text Bit MyBit _            is StatusOfBit      Case SetBitButton         SetBit(MyByte, MyBit)         StatusLine.Text New Byte: MyByte      Case ToggleBitButton         ToggleBit(MyByte, MyBit)         StatusLine.Text New Byte: MyByte   End SelectEnd SubPrivate Function GetCheckedRadioButton( _   ByVal Parent As Control) _   As RadioButton   Dim FormControl As Control   Dim RB As RadioButton   For Each FormControl In Parent.Controls      If FormControl.GetType() Is GetType(RadioButton) Then         RB DirectCast(FormControl, RadioButton)         If RB.Checked Then Return RB      End If   Next   Return NothingEnd Function The code in action looks like this: --------Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return--------
Saturday, December 21, 2019
Role of Design in Newspaper Design - 3844 Words
Introduction Newspaper is a publication which it main function is to report news. Most newspapers contain information for readers such as a weather report, television schedules, and also listing of stock prices. They also provide commentary on current politics, economics, and art and culture. In most cases newspaper depends on commercial advertising for their income at various degrees. By the time readers see or read a newspaper, most of them have already learned of the breaking news through television or radio. However, they rely on newspaper to provide details on information and analysis which was rarely offered by the television or radio. Newspaper does not only inform readers but also help readers to understand what led up to the†¦show more content†¦Berliner of midi: 470mm by 315mm commonly used by the European paper such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy and The Guardian in United Kingdom. Brief History of New Straits Times Known as Malaysias oldest newspaper, the weekly to newspaper eight-page newspaper (initially founded by the Armenian Catchick Moses with assistance from Robert Carr Woods) first published July 15, 1845 as ‘The Straits Times. A weekly circulation (Every Tuesday) priced at 10 sen of less than 200 copies were printed. The name was changed to Daily Times in 1858 went it was published daily as an afternoon paper. In 1883, Daily Times reverted to its original name The Straits Times reestablished as the New Straits Times in 1965. It served as the only broadsheet format English language newspaper in Malaysia until September 2004 when a tabloid version was published concurrently with the traditional broadsheet. In April 2005, the newspaper ended its 160-year-old tradition of broadsheet publication by solely publishing the tabloid size. How has newspaper design changed over time? In 1450, Johann Gutenberg invented a screw printing press adopting the idea from the wine press used since the Roman Empire. This invention has enable information and knowledge to be widely spread which wasShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Strength and Weakness of The Press1285 Words  | 6 PagesNewspaper, being one of the earliest mass media communication platforms, might be decreasing in popularity among the public. But even so, it keeps surviving by refining and improving itself in order to keep up with all the other medias. The current newspaper that we hold and read today has come a long way in developing itself. There is time when newspapers don’t make news like the way they do today, and there is also time when newspapers that are overly stuffed with too many advertisements don’tRead MoreEssay on Footwear International1020 Words  | 5 PagesDirector John Carlson, after he was shown the pro-Libyan newspaper article. 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Friday, December 13, 2019
Wisdom, Morality, and Meditation Free Essays
The Fourth Noble Truth is the Noble Eightfold Path, which is also referred to as â€Å"Magga. †The Noble Eightfold Path essentially has three main parts: Wisdom, Morality, and Meditation. These three sections represent the eight sections of the Noble Eightfold Path. We will write a custom essay sample on Wisdom, Morality, and Meditation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wisdom is broken down into â€Å"Right View†and â€Å"Right Intention. †Next, morality consists of â€Å"Right Speech,†â€Å"Right Action,†and â€Å"Right Livelihood. †Finally, meditation consists of â€Å"Right Effort,†â€Å"Right Mindfulness,†and â€Å"Right Concentration. †One may think that these eight parts must be followed in a specific order, however, all eight parts work mutually dependent of each other. Right View is a part of Wisdom and, according to our class lectures, is the â€Å"Middle Way between eternalism and nihilism; the emptiness of all things. †Right View distinguishes wholesome (beneficial) things from unwholesome (harmful) things. A few examples of unwholesome things from our class notes are: onslaught of living beings, taking what is not given, sensual misconduct, lying speech, divisive speech (idol speech), harsh speech, covetousness, and wrong view. The roots of unwholesomeness can be narrowed down to three things: greed and desire, hatred and anger, and ignorance and confusion. Thich Nhat Hanh describes the importance of Right View and what it is within chapter 9. Right View is known as samyag drishti. TNH talks about how seeds are planted within our bodies, and everyone has them. I thought it was the coolest analogy when TNH taught of these seeds within our bodies. It seems like everyone has each kind of seed of all different traits, but it depends on whether or not those seeds are watered within our bodies. He says: If you live in an environment where your seed of loyalty is watered, you will be a loyal person. But if your seed of betrayal is watered, you may betray even those you love. You’ll feel guilty about it, but if the seed of betrayal in you becomes strong, you may do it. (TNH, 51) This is such an amazing statement because I am a fairly strong believer that you are the product of your environment. Most people do whatever the â€Å"status quo†is in their neighborhood and rarely does anyone make a big jump to do something drastically different. I feel like all people are created the same, at least mentally, and it is up to the upbringing to form how someone acts in life. The reading of TNH’s chapter 9 discussed how it is up to the individual to decide which seed grows more than others within one’s body. In class we discussed how one can try to keep the seed of anger, for example, from growing. It is up to the individual to essentially stunt the seed of anger’s growth when one feels any possibility of anger coming in. While pushing the feeling of anger away, one should try to grow the seed of loving-kindness instead. Within my own life, I try to live by the idea of â€Å"killing people with kindness. †This is my third year as RA here on St. Bonaventure and when I confront a situation, I try to always be as nice as possible. There’s nothing better than when we are documenting a room for a violation, usually alcohol related, and being overly nice to them. They have no idea how to handle the niceness in the situation. It just makes the situation so much better in the long run. Most people act very mad and rude to us when they are being documented and they don’t expect us, the RA’s, to be nice to them, but when we are nice to them and don’t let their obscene â€Å"hate words†affect us, they don’t know what to do. I feel like this could be a small example of growing my seed of kindness because I could get very angry about the students calling me hateful names for simply doing my job. Instead, I try to do what TNH said in Chapter 10, â€Å"†¦replace an unwholesome thought with a wholesome one by ‘changing the peg,’ just as a carpenter replaces a rotten peg by hammering in a new one. †(TNH, 62) In this example of my RA duties, I replace the unwholesome thought of harsh speech with loving-kindness, compassion, and clarity (education) to why the students are being documented. Discussing â€Å"Morality†, I read a part in which Kornfield was talking about his teacher, Maha Ghosananda (the Gandhi of Cambodia). Kornfield was telling how his teacher would teach the survivors of the 1975-88 genocide in Cambodia practices of compassion and loving-kindness for their own loss and that of others. He said, â€Å"You have lost so much. Now you know how precious everything is in this world. You must love again and let new things grow. †(Kornfield, 81) This quote can be related to â€Å"Right View,†but more importantly the concept of compassion which is within â€Å"Right Conduct†or â€Å"Morality. I absolutely love this quote because I feel like way too many people take their great lives for granted. I am sad to say that I am sometimes right in that category of people. I am always humbled so much when I meet someone who has endured a great amount of pain, or those who have already had cancer and are the same age as me. Right now, while at college I have two close friends who have already battled cancer and are now back at college. It makes me feel like I should be so incredibly thankful for the life that I have been blessed with. Many times one can become attached to something that is not all that important. Meditation can resolve this. In chapter 12 of TNH, it talks about how we have become so efficient and able to talk to places on the other side of the planet, however, he also explains that people have a harder time with one-on-one interactions and speech nowadays. This is an example of becoming attached to technology instead of listening and speaking with people in person. When reading through Kornfield’s 24th chapter, I noticed the stories about Dipama Barua, one of the greatest meditators of the Theravada lineage. They told of how she lost two out of three of her young children to illness and lost her husband due to a heart attack soon after. Most people would feel like there is no longer a reason to live after something like that, and she was one of those people. However, after a year of lying in bed full of grief, she started doing meditation and then eventually became a master of meditation. (Kornfield 382-384) Kornfield had gone to see Dipama and had such an encounter! When he was leaving from seeing her, she touched him and said a 10 minute prayer in which he started to have a realization and see everything in a positive light. After this, he could not stop smiling at everything. (Kornfield 382-384) This encounter between Kornfield and Dipama reminds me of times that I feel like nothing can go right, but all it takes is seeing and talking to someone who you really like and respect. Then, after talking to this one person, you have a totally new positive outlook on life. This short story tells me that how you go through life is all about perspective. This â€Å"halt†in life represents a meditation. Sometimes one has to take a break from their busy lives and just reflect on their life and spirituality. When I have done this in the past, it feels so incredibly rewarding to just take a break from things and reflect on how great life is. When one is thinking about the Noble Eight-Fold Path, one has to remember that all of the â€Å"Rights†link into each other. We need to be compassionate for others, practice loving-kindness, and embrace wisdom, morality, and meditation within our lives to better understand everything. How to cite Wisdom, Morality, and Meditation, Essay examples
Thursday, December 5, 2019
Anorexia and the media free essay sample
The Connection Between the Rise in Online Media and Anorexia in Young Woman Abstract Today, social media has expanded to many online medias, giving possible rise to anorexia among young women. In order to test this, an experiment testing womans likeability to eat food after viewing images of skinny woman, is created. In the experiment, a control group of randomized woman are asked to view a slide show exposing them to images of unrealistically skinny woman, selected from various online websites. The other group of woman is exposed to images of savory foods from around the world, also found online. Both slide shows are shown in the same room, but alternate for each woman that walks in. This is to ensure randomization. In the next room woman are offered food set out on a table while they await a survey they believe will take place in the next room. This experiment will test the likelihood of the women who view the images of the skinny models to eat the food from the waiting room. As hypothesized, the women who viewed the images of the models opted out of eating the food in the waiting room, while the women who viewed the food slide show did not resist the waiting room food. Eating disorders are growing rampantly in western civilization and are present in four out of ten individuals, of those four, 0. 9% of woman will struggle specifically with anorexia. (Ekern, 2012) Anorexia Nervosa can be defined as the loss of appetite caused by psychological illness. Young women who suffer from anorexia nervosa have a body image disturbance which leads to dangerous dietary routines and a skewed perception of the body. Namely, these young women are taking the saying you can never be too thin to dangerous extremes. These negative perceptions can e linked with the exposure to unrealistic portrayals of women in the media. Cox, 1997) Sufferers of anorexia believe that the images present in media, such as magazines and television ads, are the true representation of the ideal woman, and therefore look to embody it. In the Cosmopolitan article, Do Models Cause Anorexia? affected by images of thin models, because they do not possess a critical faculty to read the image or e valuate its meaning. (Cox,1997). A study by Burke uses popular Australian womans media to explore the source of anorexia. This study confirms the elief that falsified images in the media lead to anorexia. In the past, images that caused young women to develop a negative self image, were limited to two types of media, print media (news papers, magazines, billboards etc. ) and broadcasted media (television shows and commercials). A study conducted by Ahlers and John Henssen shows that in the past 50 years, a major decline in dependency on newspapers for news has taken place. As a result, newspaper and magazine agencies have responded by going online themselves to recapture lost revenues and leverage their ability to reach consumers both on and offline. Ahlers,2005) Essentially creating an online market for advertisements that present the same images seen in the traditional mediums. Online media is more easily accessible than traditional media and young women are now privvy to the distorted images portrayed in the media at the push of a few computer keyboard keys. The idea of manipulation through media was the platform for online media advertisements. (Reaves,2001) At first, the images g irls would see in the traditional media was brought on by the producers and advertisers that looked to increase lost revenue in traditional media by launching it online. Thus the traditional magazines and newspapers were transformed to online editorial websites. (Ahlers,2005) The advertisements, on these websites, birthed an array of online medias that reinforce the skewed image of a perfect body. (Reaves, 2001) Today, social media has expanded to online magazines, fashion blogs, social networking websites, Online shopping catalogs, websites broadcasting live fashion runway showings and model profiles, plus many more sites giving rise to anorexia among young women. (Cook and Chamberlian,2012) These websites have led to the creation of pro -anorexia websites, also known as Pro-Ana. (Tierney,2006). Pro-Ana websites have opened new possibilities for blow by blow instructions on achieving the desired weight loss through extreme dieting, and chat rooms specifically designed to promote anorexia. (Tierney,2006). Girls are more exposed to anorexia as a result. Considering the high rate of anorexia of girls who look at media, (Cox, 1997) we see that theres a rise in social media, (Ahlers,2005) therefore it is reasonable to believe that anorexia will increase because of higher rates of exposure to social media. This paper will explore the rise of online media and its relation to the rowing rate of anorexia among young women. Method 1000 Woman of all ages and physiques participated in this study. Woman range from the ages 14 to 30. 20 random malls were selected out of 50 malls across the united states, 50 from each mall participate in order to get a mixed population and thus better results. The malls were selected by means of the national mall database and the use of a random number generator. The selected women ranged in all different types of socio economic scales and multiple ethnicities, including Caucasian, Latino, Asian, European, and African American, Native American. Each condition will have 500 woman participants, that are randomly assigned to each group. Measures In order to investigate the possibility that images of woman found in online media determine the ideal body image for young woman and ultimately lead to anorexia, two groups of participants will be exposed to a variety of different images, and will be asked to go to the next room where food will be present. Independent variable is the images that are presented. Dependent variable is the amount of food each participant chooses to eat. Half the participants are exposed to the images of holesome and mouthwatering foods, while the other participants are exposed to images of skinny models. The manipulation is done through the images (V) to see which group of participants will eat more of the food presented in the next room. The dependent variable, food, is measured by how much food each participant ate. This will be measured by only putting out 10 chocolate chip cookies, 30 little pretzels, 20 strawberries, 5 plain bagels with plain cream cheese, 1 apple, a pack of Doritos chips (aprox 20 chips). Each amount of food is looked at to see how much the participant te. The rooms used to show the images are the same exact room. The images are shown on a slide show on a computer, each slide show being different for the control group. The room holding the food is the same room, and the food is exactly the same. Procedure This is a quasistatistical between subjects experimental design. The conditions were randomly assigned to the experiment rooms, causing for nonequivalent groups. The room included one computer that would alternate between the foods and models slide shows to ensure randomization. All the woman did not get to choose which lide show they saw, further making it random. 1000 woman were selected. One group will be exposed to images of thin, beautiful, happy looking woman, while the other group will be exposed to pictures of savory foods from around the world. Both groups will then have to go to a waiting room and told that the real experiment will take place in the next room. In the waiting room a table with an array of different foods will be made available for the participants to indulge in. Each woman is told that she will look at some images on a slide show and will be asked questions about the images in the next room. After each woman finished viewing the slide show, she was escorted to the next room which was referred to as the waiting room until they can enter the next room to answer questions about the slide. This room includes a two way mirror that reveals whether the woman indulges in the food on the table or keeps away. A couch is made available to the woman to sit on, right next to the food. The woman are left in the waiting room for a total of 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, the debriefing takes process. In which the women are told that the experiment tested had were answered as part of the debriefing. Discussion By the end of this 3 week study, the woman who were exposed to the images of skinny models chose not to eat the food in the waiting room, while most of the woman exposed to the images of food, chose to eat. The woman who were exposed to the images of food, not only ate the food, but did so within the first five minutes. The experimental group (exposed to images of models) did as predicted, and did not touch the food. Further showing that images of skinny woman in the media lead to the rise in anorexia. Society can learn from this by lessening the exposure of such images to young girls. These images create a loss of appetite. Limitations This experiment is limited by the inexperience of the researcher. This is the first research conducted by the team. No prior background information was done over the women participants, this may have exposed a preexisting eating disorder that could have changed the results of this experiment. Alternative images could have also been shown, it is possible that woman who viewed the images of food only became hungry because of the food and not their attitude towards being skinny. Although a statistically significant difference was observed within the two conditions, the three- eek time period of this study isnt long enough to show the lasting impacts exposing woman to images of skinny unrealistic woman. Future Research It would be interesting to further explore these unrealistic images that effect individuals. In the next research, further research on the effect on men would be In the further research on men, one could set up the same experiment, only this time creating a slide show of pictures of men who look muscley. This of course would promote exercise, which may seem healthy but it may lead men to over exercise and turn to steroids. Another interesting subject to further research would be to test lder woman, and see how they are effected by the same images the woman in this experiment viewed. Does this create the same effect on older woman?
Thursday, November 28, 2019
Liberty University the Significance of the Calling of Paul the Apostle Annotated Bibliography free essay sample
G. A. â€Å"Saul who also is Called Paul. †Harvard Theological Review 33, no. 1 (Ja 1940): 19–33. G. A. Harrer talks about the possibilities of the change in Paul’s name from Saul in this paper. The name change of Saul has always fascinated many. In Acts, Luke mentions twice, Saul (who is also called Paul). Before this, he is only called Saul. After this, he is only called Paul, except when referring to his past. In his letters he even calls himself Paul. What made him change his name and why? What is the significance of this change? Hedrick, Charles W. â€Å"Paul’s Conversion/Call: A Comparative Analysis of the Three Reports in Acts. †Journal of Biblical Literature 100, no. 3 (S 1981): 415–432. C. Hedrick talks about the miracle of Paul’s conversion. He compares and contrasts the three accounts and determines the story of Paul as Luke saw it. The only way to truly understand, he says, is to compare all three accounts side by side. We will write a custom essay sample on Liberty University the Significance of the Calling of Paul the Apostle Annotated Bibliography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page McDonough, Sean M. â€Å"Small Change: Saul to Paul, Again. †Journal of Biblical Literature 125, no. 2 (Sum 2006): 390–391. S. McDonough talks about the name change of Saul. He discusses the negative view behind Saul’s name and mulls over why the name change was significant. McDonough also touches on the introduction of Saul into the New Testament. Meyer, Wendel W. â€Å"The Conversion of St. Paul. †Anglican Theological Review 85, no. 1 (Winter 2003): 13–17. â€Å"One of the most potent influences in the process of Pauls conversion,†Meyer says, â€Å"arose from his indefatigable efforts to create and sustain communities of faith. †In this paper, W. Meyer talks about the importance of Paul’s faith and why his conversion matters so much. He focuses on what happened on the road to Damascus and what impact it had on Paul. Ralston, Timothy J. â€Å"The Theological Significance of Paul’s Conversion. †Bibliotheca Sacra 147, no. 586 (Ap–Je 1990): 198–215. T. Ralston talks about the Damascus Road as the catalyst in Saul’s life. He compares the accounts of Luke and Paul himself in seeking the answers to the importance of Saul’s conversion and why such a man would change so radically. Witherup, Ronald D. â€Å"Functional Redundancy in the Acts of the Apostles: A Case Study. †Journal for the Study of the New Testament 48 (D 1992): 67-86. R. Witherup covers the three part story of Paul’s conversion, much like Charles Hedrick did in his comparative analysis. He has used the idea of â€Å"functional redundancy†as a way to show the importance of Paul’s conversion and his life. Redundancy matters. Repetition is used to help the human brain recognize and memorize things of utmost importance.
Sunday, November 24, 2019
Impact of Money Supply Essays
Impact of Money Supply Essays Impact of Money Supply Essay Impact of Money Supply Essay European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol. 41 No. 2 (2010), pp. 314-322  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 eurojournals. com/ejsr. htm Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan Sulaiman D. Mohammad Department of Economics, Federal Urdu University, Karachi E-mail: [emailprotected] om Abstract The purpose of this research is to find out the empirical association among money supply, current account, exchange rate, and industrial production, for this purpose we have used (Johansen, 1988) co integration technique to analyze the long run relationship and Error Correction model to estimate the short run dynamics by using annual data for the period of 1975 to 2008. The domestic variables support long run relationship and weak relation in short run. Fragile combination of fiscal and monetary policy, finding supports Jcurve theory and expenditures switching affect theory. Keywords: Money supply, Current Account, Co-integration JEL Classification: C5, E5, F4 1. Introduction Economic management, stabilization and adjustment of any developing country are totally concern with the main instruments of an economy, monetary policy and foreign exchange rate. In most of developing economies real exchange rate shows the international competitiveness and high inflation as a result of currency devaluation and expansionary monetary policy. Monetary policy refers to implementations of central bank or monetary authorities that focusing on supply and availability of money regarding to reduce unemployment and control inflation. Keynesian economists argue expansionary monetary policy lead to economic growth, Monetarists explain ideal condition for maintaining inflation and steady growth is constant or slow increase of money supply. There are many types of monetary policies which focus on inflation, exchange rate and money supply. Monetarists believe in money supply targeting policy. In exchange rate targeting policy authorities adopt pegged exchange rate and some time devalue local currency in case of developing countries, exchange rate targeting policies lead to increase black economy. In inflation targeting or price level targeting policies central bank adjust interest rate according to economic condition. Interest rate plays a key role towards maintaining output gap and inflation (John B. Tylor). Some European and Asian countries, as well as Pakistan is also practicing inflation targeting policies. In case of our country both policies inflation targeting and exchange rate targeting polices simultaneously practiced but these policies did not show significant impact. What were the main reasons, economists argued that there is no coordination between fiscal and monetary policies. The statistical facts of money supply for last few decades mentioned in appendix. A wide ranging empirical literature has documented deferred and constant effects of monetary policy shocks on output. Theoretically real interest rate, inflation and the industrial production are the Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan 315 result of money supply, expansionary policy leads to depreciate currency and current account deficit in short run while, contractionary monetary shock leads to current account surplus in short run (Jaewoo Lee). Many economists have examined that fluctuation in the central fund rates are a significant proxy for changes in monetary policy. Central fund rate have significant impact on macroeconomic aggregates but after 1980 it has been seen good measure of monetary policy but its impact on macroeconomic aggregates are not considerable (Nathan S. Balke Kenneth M. Emery). (Michael B. Devereux and Hans Genberg) examined by using open macro economic model in the case of China, expansionary monetary policy leads to increase in the real output and permanent price level for the time being, some countries have been selected like Hong Kong and Philippines. It is found an international imbalance have high significant correlation with China exchange rate appreciation. This study shows the positive domestic effect on international economies. Moreover, results emphasize the rising significance of China for its adjacent economies (Tomasz J. Kozluk Aaron N. Mehrotra ). (Lu Min) analyzed a two sectors in a small open economy. Applying general equilibrium approach of expectation they examined current account sensitivity to monetary policy shocks depend on the elasticity of substitution among investment, consumption and risk aversion and in case of a small open economy, current account efficiently react to technological shocks. In case of France, Italy, UK, the monetary policy shocks impact on balance of trade as a result with Expenditure-switching effect and also found a little support J-curve effect (Soyoung Kim). Money supply can be defined in Pakistan that the financial assets are highly liquid among other variables. M2 money supply variable is usually considered as proxy of money supply in most of the cases and it has a closed substitution of liquid asset as well as show the financial assets have used as medium of exchange ( Mahmood-ul-Hasan Khan Fida Hussain). J-curve theory explains the sensitivity of trade variables import and export due to devaluation or depreciation of currency. t first the depreciation in currency leads to deficit in current account and expansive import, but later on access in international market having ease competing with foreign producers cause reduce cost after some period, consequently the volume of export and price of imports increased cause to reduce the current account deficit. Inverted J-curve shows currency again get back to the appreciation. This research shows that the empirical evidence of money supply on current account variables such as import, export, net factor payment and real interest rate, exchange rate, inflation and industrial production. Impact of money supply on economy is sizzling issue of existing scenario, some fruit full detail of money supply in Pakistan find in appendix of this article. Section 1 provide introduction and literature review section 2 an 3 shows data source methodology section 4 and 5 provide result of study and recommendations. 2. Data Source Model Specification We have used time series data from 1975 to 2008. Data has taken from State bank of Pakistan’s web site, World bank data site (WDI) and International finance statistic (IFS) site. Given variables defined as; R denotes short term real interest rate, M denotes monetary aggregate M2, CPI denotes consumer price index, IP denotes industrial production, XR denotes real exchange rate NFP denotes the net factor payment, EX denotes Export and IM denotes proxy of Import. The model of our study is M= ? 0+ ? 1EX + ? 2IM + ? 3R+ ? 4CPI+ ? 5IP+ ? 6XR+ ? 7NFP+â‚ ¬ 3. Econometrics Methodology In multivariate model case, Johansen co integration technique is used to find association between the variables. This study consists six variables therefore, Engle Granger technique is not applicable because it is used for bivariate model. 16 Sulaiman D. Mohammad Generally, empirically evidences confirm that numbers of the macro variables are nonstationary series with traditional approach of ordinary least square (OLS) give the possibility of spurious regression. The non stationary in the variable can be removed by differencing the time series variable. Further objects the similar on the position that such a method involves failure of potential long run information of the data. In this situation, co integration and Error correction techniques hold long run information has been recommended. Co integration method deals with spurious regression and Error correction reflects short run dynamics and attempts to positive causal association. A series that is stationary are differencing â€Å"d†and denoted as I (d). Augmented Dickey Fuller Test also identified as unit root test are employed for testing the stationary and non stationary of the series. ADF testing the subsequent regression equation: ? Yt Y + t + ? ? 2 ? Yt ? k + ? t = ? + ? t ? 1 Where Yt stands for a time series, ? stands for a first difference, T stands for a linear trend, ? stands for a constant and ? is an error term. The null hypothesis of unit root is 0 = ?. If any variable is known to be non stationary it may be tested for stationarity at first difference. If any variable is found stationary at first difference then bivariate co integration test will be implied to recognize the association between variables. In this study Johansen test (1988) method is employed for co integration because of multivariate model. This co integration technique is employed to find out the number of co integration vector (Kerry Patterson). If any variable is co integrated, it reflects that there must be existence of an error correction in series which represent as: ? M = ? + ? 1 ? EX + ? ? IM + ? 3 ? R + ? 4 ? CPI + ? 5 ? IP + ? 6 ? XR + ? 7 ? NFP + ? 8 ? t ?1 + ? Where the error correction term is stationary residual form co integration equation. ECM reflects the ? 8 ? t ? 1 ? coefficient’s significance whether it is to be negative or positive which reflects the short run dynamics of the model. 4. Result Analysis Recent advancement in the field of eco nometrics refers that number of macroeconomics variables series are non-stationary. This influence described such regression is spurious and unpredictable to forecast, if the variables are not found stationary or integrated at different orders. Thus it is essential to verify stationarity of the variables of time series data prior to evaluating the long run association between variables. Table 1: Variables Import Export R CPI IP XR NFP M Significant at 5%level, Lag () Unit root test ADF (Augmented Ducky Fuller) Level with intercept and trend (lag length) 1. 90522(0) 1. 30590 (0) 2. 565322 (0) 3. 212361 (1) 3. 159647 (3) 1. 754631 (1) 2. 32541(3) 1. 95214(3) First Difference with intercept and trend (lag length) 6. 805222(1) 6. 579430 (1) 5. 422587 (0) 4. 646054 (5) 4. 366135 (5) 7. 389702 (0) 4. 23000(1) 5. 32511(1) The table-1 shows the result of unit root test found from using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test. This test has been evaluating the stationarity in the variables with trend and intercept. After evaluated the stationarity at level, our result reflects that there is non stationarity in the data series therefore, we test out the stationarity at first difference, and hence our result exhibits that all the variables are stationary at first difference, now ADF equation is employed again with trend and Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan 317 intercept. The brackets values exhibit the lag length of difference variables and all variables are integrated at first order i. e. is I (1). After evaluated the stationarity between the variables, result postulates that the data is integrated at second order and our next step to verify the long run association between variables whether it is exist or not, for this purpose the Johansen co integration test has been used and its findings in table-2 and table-3 as: Table2: Johensen Co integration test (trace value) Alternative Hypothesis r=1 r=2 r=3 r=4 r=5 r=6 Maximum trace statistics 240. 5128* 157. 804* 97. 22221* 57. 29995* 27. 08921 8. 609252 5% critical value 125. 6154 95. 75366 69. 81889 47. 85613 29. 79707 15. 49471 P-Value 0. 0000 0. 0000 0. 0001 0. 0051 0. 0995 0. 4028 Null Hypothesis r=0 r=1 r=2 r=3 r=4 r=5 Table 3: Johensen Co integration test (Eigen value) Alternative Hypothesis rgt;1 rgt;2 rgt;3 rgt;4 rgt;5 rgt;6 Maximum Eigne Value 83. 23238* 60. 05818* 39. 92226* 30. 21074* 18. 479 96 7. 523857 5% critical value 46. 23142 40. 07757 33. 87687 27. 58434 21. 13162 14. 26460 probability 0. 0000 0. 0001 0. 0084 0. 0225 0. 1129 0. 4292 Null Hypothesis r=0 r=1 r=2 r=3 r=4 r=5 Table no. 2 and 3 shows the result of co integration test. The Johansen- Juselius co integration test illustrates that all these seven variables are co integrated of six vector as we saw in the given table2 and table-3, both maximum trace statistics and maximum eignen values reflect r=6 co integration equation. Optimal lag of VAR model is 2-lag by using Shewariz criterion therefore, the result shows six co integration equations in the VAR model postulates the long run association between variables. The subsequent table-4 exhibits the result of Error Correction Model equation as above given. The ECM is used to analysis the spurious correlation in the short run dynamic association among output, financial structure, physical and capital formation, and financial development. The long run dynamics show in the set of regression equations. Technically, Error Correction Technique calculates the pace of adjustment get back to Co-integrated associations. The ECM estimates a force influencing the integrated variables to go back their long-run relation when they deviate from the deviation (Banerjee, et al, 1994). An equation of error correction model as: ? M = ? + ? 1 ? EX + ? 2 ? IM + ? 3 ? R + ? 4 ? CPI + ? 5 ? IP + ? 6 ? XR + ? 7 ? NFP + ? 8 ? t ? 1 + ? Table 4: Variables D(Exp) D(Imp) D(R) D(CPI) D(IP) D(XR) D(NFP) UT(-1) Error Correction Method Result T-Value -2. 2 2. 8 1. 9 2. 1 2. 3 1. 85 -2. 6 -0. 3 P-Value 0. 02 0. 06 0. 08 0. 09 0. 01 0. 08 0. 05 0. 06 318 Sulaiman D. Mohammad The estimated lagged ECM [error correction term], UT(-1) is negative and highly significant. This result supports the co integration between the variables exhibited in table-3. The feedback coefficient is –0. 3, which advocates a normal adjustment process. Almost 30% of the disequilibria of the earlier year’s shock adjust back to the long run equilibrium association in the present year. 5. Conclusion Implication This research evaluated the effects of money supply on current account using a Johnson’s co integration approach for the economy of Pakistan from the period 1975 to 2008. Our model has exhibited a number of important findings which confirm the impact of monetary policy shocks on current account is dependable on expenditure switching effect, and our results also reflect the little evidence of J-curve impact. Our co-integration and ECM findings also support the theoretical analysis. Our main finding is that the monetary policy system has an important influence on the domestic variables (for instance, output and inflation), but has less influence on external variables such as current account and real exchange rates. In policy rules we have examined that the policy rules seem to work best overall therefore, central bank should target the domestic (producer) inflation. The central bank ought to focus to manage the impact of the currency depreciation on import price inflation rather than adjusting interest rates which help to keep stable producer prices. Our finding also suggests applying pegged exchange rate system due to the high valued currencies are not only lead to volatile inflation but also slow down economic growth. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] David K. Backus and Patrick J. Kehoe, â€Å"International Evidence on the Historical Properties of Business Cycles†, The American Economic Review, Vol. 82, No. 4(Sep. , 1992), pp. 64-888 Balke, Nathan S. and Kenneth M. Emery (1994), `The Federal Funds Rate as an Indicator of Monetary Policy: Evidence from the 1980s, Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, First Quarter, pages 1 16. Michael B. Devereux and Hans Genberg, â€Å"Currency appreciation and Current account adjustment†, HKIMR Working Paper No. 17/2006, December 2006 Tomasz J. Kozluk Aa ron N. Mehrotra , â€Å"The impact of Chinese monetary policy shocks on East Asia†, BOFIT Discussion Papers, 5/2008 Giovanni Olivei Silvana Tenreyro, â€Å"Shocks†, The American Economic Review, June 2007, Vol. 97, No. 3: 636-663. Soyoung Kim, â€Å"Effects of monetary policy shocks on the trade balance in small open European countries†, Economics Letters 71 (2001) 197–203 Lu Min, â€Å"Current account dynamics and optimal monetary policy in a small-open economy†,International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, Volume 2, Number 2, 1 May 2009 , pp. 166-193(28) Saqib, Najam-us and Aliya H. Khan (1988), â€Å"On an Empirical Definition of Money for Pakistan†, Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 27(4), pp 853-859. Bhuiyan, Rokon and Robert F. Lucas, 2007, â€Å"Real and Nominal Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks†, Canadian Journal of Economics, 40, 2, 679-702. Faust, Jon, and John H. Rogers, 2003, â€Å"Monetary Policy’s Role in Exchange Rate Behavior†, Journal of Monetary Economics 50, 1403-24. Jaewoo Lee, Current account and real exchange rate dynamics in the G7 countries Journal of International Money and Finance Volume 25, Issue 2, March 2006, Pages 257-274 Irfan Lal, Volatility of Monetary Policy in a Developing Economy: In Context of Pakistan, European Journal of Scientific Research Vol. 36 No. 2 (2009), pp. 172-183 Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] 319 Peng, X, M. A Marchant and M. R Reed. 004. Identifying Monetary Impacts on Food Prices in China: A VEC Model Approach. Paper Presented in the American Economics Association Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado. August 1-4, 2004. Khan, Rana Ejaz Ali and Gill, Abid Rashid (2007): Impact of Supply of Money on Food and General Price Indices: A Case of Pakistan. Published in: IUB Journal of Social Sciences and Humanit ies , Vol. 5, No. 2 (2007): pp. 125-143. Ongan, Tevfik Hakan and Karabulut, Gokhan (2004): A Simple Model Of Currency Crises And Budget Deficits: The Case Of Turkey. Published in: Maliye Arast? rma Konferanslar? , Vol. 46, (2004): pp. 06-225. Columba: Narrow money and transaction technology: new disaggregated evidence. Forthcoming in: Journal of Economics and Business (2009) Abdul Qayyum, Capital Flows and Money Supply: The Degree of Sterilisation in Pakistan, The Pakistan Development Review 4. 42(2003): pp. 975-985 Arango, Sebastian Ishaq Nadiri, M. , 1981. Demand for money in open economies, Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(1), pages 69-83. Mark L. Gertler , Current Account Dynamics and Monetary Policy, International Dimensions of Monetary Policy, pages 199-244 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc 20 Sulaiman D. Mohammad Appendix Time Deposits M2 as % of Total Deposit GNP (1970-2007) In case of Pakistan the central bank uses these major tools of monetary pol icy: credit to commercial banks, interest rate channels , margin requirement and cash reserve ratios. Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan 321 322 Growth Rates of Monetary Variables (%) Sulaiman D. Mohammad Where gM1: Represent the Growth Rate of Money Supply (M1) gM2: Represent the Growth Rate of Broad Money Supply (M2) gRM: Represent the Growth Rate of Reserve Money.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Company - Essay Example Since its inception in the United States, TiVo has penetrated to the Canadian, Australian, Mexican, New Zealand, Puerto Rican, Sweden, Spanish markets among others. Essentially, what TiVo offers is exclusive and unlimited entertainment to its users. TiVo pioneered recording programs concurrent with household viewing habits. In this program as opposed to the others, users can rate programs from three â€Å"thumbs up†to three â€Å"thumbs down†profiling. These ratings are combined to create a recommendation for its viewers. TiVo has also increased its broadband features. This has included and been facilitated by Amazon Video on Demand, Jaman.com and Netflix Watch Instantly. The advantage of this is that it provides users with unlimited access to thousands of movie titles and television shows from their homes. Perhaps the greatest contribution to the viewer’s society and the television industry is by having parental features. This way, the rate of pornography and violent co0ntent is greatly reduced as the parents get to choose what shows their children will watch. In a way therefore, TiVo is actively involved in raising a re sponsible generation. TiVo recently announced its intentions to acquire Digital smiths, a leading cloud-based content discovery service. The service which allows Pay TV operators to deliver an advanced user experience integrating search, discovery and browsing across a variety of devices will only mean more subscription to TiVo (Daft 120). Economically, these will translate to increased returns to scale for this market pacesetter. The devices include Android, Roku, Xbox, Playstation, Kindle and multiple other set-top boxes. TiVo also announced that it has increased its stock repurchase authorization by $100 million and intended to repurchase its $100 million in the first quarter of the 2015 fiscal year. In spite of having gained 234000 subscribers in the last quarter
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
The similarities and differences of the book Robinson Crusoe and other Research Paper
The similarities and differences of the book Robinson Crusoe and other stories about being stranded - Research Paper Example Just as with the other voyages, this also encounters a storm that wrecks the ship thereby leaving him destitute in an unnamed Island. The story differs from other stories that portray similar plots. Among the differences are discussed below. Setting is a fundamental feature in literature; it refers to the placement of the story. This includes the timing and location of the action. The author of the fictional story places the story in an early American society. The actions in the story take place in 1651 when Robinson Crusoe sets out for the first time. In such an early society, the main means of transport was through ships owing to the lack of the contemporary more efficient means of transportation such as airplanes. Captainship was therefore an equally reputable profession owing to the vibrancy of the transportation industry. This explains Robinson’s great passion to become a sailor. He defies his parent’s wishes and sets out in precarious industry that later threatens to claim his life (Ross 33). The placement of the story validates both the plot and the themes that the author addresses in the novel. This is a major difference with other stories addressing similar concepts key among which is Lost. Adopted into a serial television program, the story revolves around the lives of a group of survivors stranded as their airplane crushes in an inhabited Island in New Guinea. Unlike Robinson Crusoe, the setting in Lost is in a modern society. The series of actions in the story therefore portray the modern day features unlike Robinson Crusoe which portrays various unrealistic features all of which the author validates by placing the story back in time when the society believed in various superstitions. However, the authors of both the stories understand the need for conflicts in the stories. Conflicts sustains stories, the authors therefore develop a series of relative conflicts in their stories thereby authenticating their different plots. Robin son Cr usoe becomes a lone survivor of a shipwreck as he swims to the Island where he survives for several years. He adopts to the life of the jungle as the author strives to develop by portraying him as the protagonist hero. The author positions Robinson Crusoe as a sole survivor a feature that makes the story predictable since from the moment of the shipwreck, an audience understands that the story would center on the life of the sole survivor and if the story is to end on a positive tone then the sole survivor must overcome all his subsequent challenges. The author positions Robinson Crusoe as a strong and independent hero who survives a series of bad luck and unimaginable occurrences. Key among such is his ability to survive a shipwreck that claims the lives of all the people on board. The wind was so strong that it broke the ship into pieces. Robinson Crusoe survives by recovering from memory lapse following the impact of the shipwreck. He adopts a plank and sails slowly to the island hundreds of miles away. Once in the island, Robinson must survive. He therefore adopts various characters as he sets out to look for booth food and a source of warmth. He lights a fire and the story changes setting to center on the life of the sole survivor while on the Island. Unlike in lost where the story portrays various characters, Robinson Crusoe is a sole character in a backward society. The island in which
Monday, November 18, 2019
E-Sport is a Real Sport Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
E-Sport is a Real Sport - Annotated Bibliography Example This article explores the advent of the internet protocol television and how it relates to e-sports. It focuses on StarCraft 2 and discusses how they use internet protocol television as a means to quickly distribute content. The arguments presented in the paper concur with the idea that e-sport is an innovative activity that heavily relies on new technology, besides being an activity that is fully amerced in the virtual world. In relation to my thesis, this article shows that E-sport can be played online and have an audience. This article explores the question as to whether e-sport is a sport. Additionally, it discusses the play and bonuses that players receive from sponsors. In this article, the play and bonuses are compared to e-sport in the virtual world and doping in the real world sports. The similarities in structures in games and other mediums are also discussed, particularly the appearance of sports managers for each player. Besides, a setup of the development of e-sport is provided in the article. This is useful in understanding the origin and development of e-sport. Importantly, the article tries to explore the problem by giving a clear and inclusive definition of sport. It argues that the efforts to define sport fail to cover the full concept that ought to be involved in the definition of sport (Mora& Stephane, 2003). This is, therefore, a significant topic for e-sport since the industry has experienced a lot of opposition by referring to themselves as e-sports. Under the ideas presented in this article, e-sport would inevitably be considered a sport and any argument raised against it would be deemed invalid. Although this does not fully resolve the issue, it provides a significant support not only for e-sports but also for other industries that would like to be considered sports. Â
Friday, November 15, 2019
Radiographic Quality of Root Canal Treatments
Radiographic Quality of Root Canal Treatments Title: Radiographic quality of root canal treatments performed by undergraduate dental students Authors: Masoud Saatchi1, Golshan Mohammadi2, Armita Vali Sichani3 Dental Research Center, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Isfahan, Iran. School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Isfahan, Iran. Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Isfahan, Iran. Summary: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the quality of root canal treatments performed by students of Isfahan University School of Dentistry between 2013 and 2015. Periapical radiographs from 784 root treated teeth including 1674 root canals were randomly selected and evaluated in terms of quality of root fillings (length and density of root fillings) and procedural errors (ledge, foramen perforation, root perforation, and fractured instrument). Descriptive statistics and chi square test were used for evaluation of the data (P Key words: dentistry, procedural errors, radiography, root canal treatment, undergraduate student Introduction Root canal treatment (RCT) is an important part of comprehensive dental care (1). High prevalence of apical periodontitis in endodontically treated teeth, as reported by epidemiological studies (2-4), reveals that outcome of RCT in many populations is poor, which as a health care problem can elicit medical, economical and ethical consequences (1). Outcome of primary endodontic treatment is reported to be associated with many factors (5). One of these factors is technical quality of RCT that is usually evaluated using radiographic method (3, 6). Its shown that the length of the root filling, relative to the radiographic apex, significantly affects the treatment outcomes (7). In addition, root fillings with an adequate density are strongly associated with a lower risk of periapical disease (8). Also, procedural errors such as ledges, zip and elbow formations, fractured instruments and perforations may accrue during the RCT. These errors may result in compromised cleaning and shaping, leakage through root filling or infection of the periradicular tissues and can jeopardize the endodontic outcomes (9). Recent studies accomplished in various population groups, show that undesirable quality is a common finding in RCTs performed by dentists and undergraduate dental students (Table 1). Therefore a worldwide enhancement in the quality of RCT is required (2) that could be achieved by means of education. Studies concerning quality of RCT are needed in order to appraise the efficiency of dental training, highlight the weaknesses and help with the planning for dental education. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate quality of root canal treatments (quality of root fillings and incidence of procedural errors) performed by students of Isfahan University School of Dentistry between 2013 and 2015. Materials and methods In this cross-sectional study, a random sample of 1200 cases were selected from the records of patients who had received RCT by undergraduate students at School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, during 2013-2015. Records with missing or unreadable radiographs due to improper imaging or processing technique, or those with radiographs that didnt show the entire length of the root canals and 2mm of periapical area, were excluded. Finally, 784 treated teeth including 1674 canals were evaluated. The RCTs were accomplished by fourth, fifth and sixth year undergraduate dental students according to the fallowing protocol: after taking medical and dental history and diagnosis of palp and periapical disease, local anesthesia was injected and the access cavity was prepared. An aseptic technique with rubber dam isolation was applied and working length was determined using periapical radiographs. Canals were prepared using step back technique by means of stainless steel k-files of 0.02 taper (Dentsply, Tusla, USA or Mani, Tochigi, Japan). In some case Gates-Glidden drills (Mani, Tochigi, Japan) were used for preparation of coronal third of the canals. Canals were irrigated by 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Obturations were carried out using lateral compaction technique with gutta-percha cones (Ariadent, Tehran, Iran) and a ZOE based sealer. Teeth were temporarily restored and referred for permanent restorations. For root canal treatment of each tooth, 4 periapical radiographs (preoperati ve, working length determination, master cone and postoperative) were taken by the bisecting-angle method using De Gotzen dental radiography machine (De Gotzen, Roma, Italy) and E speed size 2 intraoral films (Primax, Berlin, Germany). Developing solutions (Champion, Tehran, Iran) were used to possess the radiographs in a time-temperature technique. Endodontist academic stuff supervised all the treatment steps. Average academic stuff: student ratio has been 1: 6 at the time of the study. In order to evaluate the quality of each RCT, at least 3 radiographs including preoperative, working length determination and postoperative, were examined. Evaluations were made in a dark room under even illumination and 3x magnification. Radiographs were mounted in a cardboard slit to exclude the extraneous lights. Measurements were done using a transparent ruler of 0.5 mm accuracy. In cases that the radiographic images were taken with an alternation in horizontal angulation, it was supposed that they were exposed with a mesial angulation. Two individual investigators (GM and AV) securitized the radiographs of each record. The results were compared and in case of disagreement a third investigator (MS) was asked to examine the records, and a final agreement was achieved. Before the study, investigators were calibrated and Inter-examination agreement was determined by evaluating 30 radiographic records that werent included in the study. For establishing intra-examiner agreement, each investigator re-evaluated the same radiographs after 2 weeks. Evaluation of quality of RCTs was accomplished by examining radiographic quality of root fillings and detection of the procedural errors. Root canal was considered as the unit of evaluation. Quality of root filling in each canal was categorized as acceptable and unacceptable based on the following criteria: Acceptable root filling: root filling ending 0-2 mm from radiographic apex without any visible voids in the filling mass or between the filling mass and root canal walls. Unacceptable root filling: Overfilling: root filling that extends beyond radiographic apex. Undrefilling: root filling ending shorter than 2 mm from the radiographic apex. Inadequate density: root fillings with visible voids in the filling mass or between the filling mass and root canal walls. The criteria for the detection of procedural errors in this study, were as follows: A ledge was identified if the root filling in the final radiograph did not follow the curvature of the main canal path in working-length radiograph. Root perforations (including furcation perforation, strip perforation and lateral perforations of the root) were detected when extrusion of the filling materials was identified in any area of the root except the apical foramen. Foramen perforation was diagnosed when the apical termination of the filled canal appeared as an elliptical shape transported to the outer wall. Fractured instruments: was detected by observing a part of instrument in the root canal or in periarticular area in the final radiograph. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). Descriptive analyzes were used for expressing frequency of radiographic criteria of quality of RCTs. Pearsons chi square test was used to compare the results among tooth types and locations and also academic year of students. P-values Results From 1200 collected records of endodontically treated teeth, 416 cases (34.7%) were excluded and 734 teeth including 1674 root canals were evaluated. 52% of treated root canals were in maxilla and 48% were in mandible. Canals of molar teeth comprised the most frequent treated root canals (68%), followed by canals of premolars (22%) and anterior teeth (10%) . 6th year students performed RCTs on 49% of root canals. 5th and 4th year students treated 32% and 19% of root canals, respectively. Anterior teeth and premolars constituted the teeth treated by 4th year students while 5th and 6th year students treated premolars and molars (Table 2). Technical quality of root fillings According to length and density, acceptable fillings was found in 54.1% of root canals. From treated maxillary root canals, 56.2% and from treated mandibular root canals, 51.9% were acceptable. Rate of acceptable root fillings wasnt significantly different between the two arches (P=0.072). Among tooth types, canals of molar teeth exhibited lower ratio of acceptable root fillings (51.3%) compared to premolars (61.3%) (P=0.001). Rate of acceptable fillings in anterior teeth (57.7%) wasnt significantly different from molars (P=0.430) and premolars (P=0.128). Inadequate density, overfilling and underfilling was found in 34.6%, 11% and 8.3% of root canals, respectively. In both arches inadequate density consisted the most common cause for unacceptable fillings. In maxilla overfilling consisted the second frequent cause for unacceptable fillings, followed by under filling, However, underfilling was the second common cause of unacceptable fillings in mandible and overfilling was the least f requent cause (Table 3). From the root canals treated by 5th year students 46.1% had acceptable fillings which is significantly lower than canals treated by 4th year students (55.6%) (P=0.007) and 6th year students (58.8%) (Pth and 6th year students (P=0.339) (Table 4). Procedural errors: Procedural errors were found in 18.6% of root treated canals. Incidence of procedural errors between 5th year students (22.2%) and 6th year students (19%) wasnt significantly different (P=0.149). Students of 4th year had created less procedural errors (11.6%) than students of 5th year (Pth year (P=0.003). Ledge was the most frequent procedural error and was identified in 12.5% of root treated canals. Foramen perforation, root perforation and fractured instrument were detected in 2%, 2.4% and 2% of canals, respectively (Table 5). Incidence of procedural errors wasnt significantly different in canals of anterior teeth (12.3%) and premolars (9.5%) (P=0.341). These errors were significantly more frequent in canals of molars (22.5%) than anterior teeth (P=0.003) and premolars (P The k-value for inter-examiner agreement was 0.87 for detection of acceptable root fillings and 0.81 for identification of RCTs without procedural errors. For intra-examiner agreement k-values for detection of acceptable root fillings and identification of RCTs without procedural errors were 0.93 and 0.87 for first and 0.84 and 0.81 for second investigator, respectively. Discussion This study was designed to evaluate the quality of root canal treatments accomplished by undergraduate dental students at School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Periapical radiographs taken during the RCT procedures were used for this investigation. Root fillings were considered acceptable if terminated 0-2 mm from radiographic apex and had no voids. This criteria is extensively documented to be associated with improved periapical health (4, 5, 8). In order to limit inter-examiner and intra-examiner erraticism, the radiographic criteria were strictly defined and two investigators were calibrated before the study. Its reported that great variations could exist between investigators regarding assessment of technical quality of RCT (22). In the present study, the k-value of 0.87 for detection of acceptable root fillings and 0.81 for identification of RCTs without procedural errors, exhibit good agreement between the investigators. Also values for intra-examiner agreement were found to be greater than 0.81, which shows reliability of each investigator. Acceptable root fillings according to length and density was found in 54.1% of investigated canals. Comparing this result to the findings of others is rather difficult due to differences in level of practitioners (undergraduate students, general practitioners, and endodontists), techniques and materials used for preparation and obturation of the canal and also evaluation criteria used to assess the quality of RCT. For example, in the study of Bierenkrant et al. (18) who investigated root canals treated by endodontists, 91% of root fillings had adequate quality which is greater than the present study and other studies investigating quality of RCT performed by undergraduate students and general practitioners (Table 2). Among the studies concerning quality of RCT performed by undergraduate students, frequency of acceptable fillings in the current study is comparable to the findings of Eleftheriadis Lambrianidis (14) (55.3%) and Khabbaz et al. (19) (54.8%). In the study of Er et al. (15 ), 33% of root fillings were acceptable which is less than the present study; thought, they used different evaluation criteria. Lynch and Burke (16) reported adequate fillings in 63% of RCTs, which is higher than the present study, however they only evaluated single rooted teeth. In the present study, inadequate density was the most common cause for unqualified root fillings. This is consistent with the findings of Balto et al. (20). Its believed that lateral condensation technique with gutta percha, could create voids in canals with insufficient flaring (14). No significant difference was found between quality of maxillary and mandibular root fillings. Also adequate root fillings in molars were less than premolars. This result was consistent with findings of Er et al. (15) and Khabbaz et al. (19) who report a lower quality of root fillings in molar teeth. This could be explained by posterior position and complex anatomy of these teeth. Students of 5th year had performed more unacceptable root fillings than 4th and 6th year students. This could be explained considering the fact that at Isfahan University School of Dentistry, first clinical encounter of undergraduate students with molar teeth, is at their 5th year of study. Iatrogenic errors were detected in 18.6% of root canals. These errors are more frequent in molar teeth. Balto et al. (20) and Khabbaz et al. (19) also reported a high prevalence procedural errors in molar teeth. The reason for this, could be explained by curved and narrow canals of molar teeth, which makes them challenging for undergraduate students. Furthermore, 5th and 6th year students had created more procedural errors than 4th year students. This is because 4th year students only perform RCTs on anterior teeth and premolars which are less challenging than molar teeth. In this study, ledge was found to be the most frequent procedural error and was detected in 12.5% of root canals. This finding is similar to incidence of ledged root canals in the study of Khabbaz et al. (19) and is less than study of Eleftheriadis Lambrianidis (14). Its shown that stainless steel hand files used by unexperienced undergraduate students could increase the incidence of ledge and other procedural errors (14). Radiographic images cannot illustrate all iatrogenic errors. For instance, over instrumentation which drives pulpal fragments and microorganisms beyond the apex into the periapical tissues, can only be radiographically diagnosed when it is followed by extrusion of filling material from the apex. The use of bisecting-angle technique for taking periapical radiographs, results in less accuracy in recognition of canal length, comparing to the parallel technique (23). It has also been shown that using only one orthoradial radiographic image for assessing the adaptation of the filling material to the root canal walls, isnt reliable. This adaptation has to be further investigated with at least one extra radiography of distal or mesial angulation in order to obtain more realistic estimate of density of root filling (24). Although radiographic quality of RCT is a significant determinant in predicting outcomes of primary endodontic treatment, the radiographic images can not reflect the general quality of treatment. Application of the antiseptic and aseptic techniques, material used and microbial circumstance of the canal are the predicting factors which are not investigated in radiographic studies. At Isfahan University School of Dentistry, Step-back preparation and cold lateral condensation techniques are being taught to the undergraduate dental student. Most universities teach these standard techniques to their students. Its shown that using rotary Ni-Ti instruments provide better canal shaping, reduce the procedural errors and are being taught in undergraduate curriculum in some dental schools (17). In many studied insufficient time allocated to clinical and preclinical training, the academic stuff: student ratio and evaluation methods are stated as reasons for low quality of RCTs in university clinics (14, 19, 20). Isfahan University School of Dentistry uses endodontic specialists and 3rd year post graduate students as training stuff. Also academic curriculum have been recently revised to increase preclinical training. Nevertheless, enhancing the time allocated to clinical training and increasing stuff: student ratio could lead to improvements in quality of RCTs performed by undergraduate students. In conclusion, findings of this study shows that 54.1% of root fillings performed by undergraduate students of Isfahan University School of Dentistry were acceptable. Thus, there a necessity to revise the educational programs in Endodontics in order to improve quality of root canal treatments. References: 1.Boucher Y, Matossian L, Rilliard F, Machtou P. Radiographic evaluation of the prevalence and technical quality of root canal treatment in a French subpopulation. Int Endod J. 2002;35(3):229-38. 2.Asgary S, Shadman B, Ghalamkarpour Z, Shahravan A, Ghoddusi J, Bagherpour A, et al. Periapical Status and Quality of Root canal Fillings and Coronal Restorations in Iranian Population. Iran Endod J. 2010;5(2):74-82. 3.Moreno JO, Alves FR, Goncalves LS, Martinez AM, Rocas IN, Siqueira JF, Jr. Periradicular status and quality of root canal fillings and coronal restorations in an urban Colombian population. J Endod. 2013;39(5):600-4. 4.Pak JG, Fayazi S, White SN. Prevalence of periapical radiolucency and root canal treatment: a systematic review of cross-sectional studies. J Endod. 2012;38(9):1170-6. 5.Ng YL, Mann V, Rahbaran S, Lewsey J, Gulabivala K. Outcome of primary root canal treatment: systematic review of the literature-Part 2. Influence of clinical factors. Int Endod J. 2008;41(1):6-31. 6.Craveiro MA, Fontana CE, de Martin AS, Bueno CE. Influence of coronal restoration and root canal filling quality on periapical status: clinical and radiographic evaluation. J Endod. 2015;41(6):836-40. 7.Sjà ¶gren U, Hà ¤gglund B, Sundqvist G, Wing K. Factors affecting the long-term results of endodontic treatment. J Endod. 1990;16(10):498-504. 8.Chugal NM, Clive JM, Spangberg LS. Endodontic infection: some biologic and treatment factors associated with outcome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;96(1):81-90. 9.Peters OA. Current challenges and concepts in the preparation of root canal systems: a review. J Endod. 2004;30(8):559-67. 10.Hayes SJ, Gibson M, Hammond M, Bryant ST, Dummer PM. An audit of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate students. Int Endod J. 2001;34(7):501-5. 11.Dugas NN, Lawrence HP, Teplitsky PE, Pharoah MJ, Friedman S. Periapical health and treatment quality assessment of root-filled teeth in two Canadian populations. Int Endod J. 2003;36(3):181-92. 12.Barrieshi-Nusair KM, Al-Omari MA, Al-Hiyasat AS. Radiographic technical quality of root canal treatment performed by dental students at the Dental Teaching Center in Jordan. J Dent. 2004;32(4):301-7. 13.Segura-Egea JJ, Jimenez-Pinzon A, Poyato-Ferrera M, Velasco-Ortega E, Rios-Santos JV. Periapical status and quality of root fillings and coronal restorations in an adult Spanish population. Int Endod J. 2004;37(8):525-30. 14.Eleftheriadis GI, Lambrianidis TP. Technical quality of root canal treatment and detection of iatrogenic errors in an undergraduate dental clinic. Int Endod J. 2005;38(10):725-34. 15.Er O, Sagsen B, Maden M, Cinar S, Kahraman Y. Radiographic technical quality of root fillings performed by dental students in Turkey. Int Endod J. 2006;39(11):867-72. 16.Lynch CD, Burke FM. Quality of root canal fillings performed by undergraduate dental students on single-rooted teeth. Eur J Dent Educ. 2006;10(2):67-72. 17.Moussaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Badran S, Roy B, Bessart du Parc A, Bruyant M, Lefevre B, Maurin J. Technical quality of root fillings performed by dental students at the dental teaching centre in Reims, France. Int Endod J. 2008;41(8):679-84. 18.Bierenkrant DE, Parashos P, Messer HH. The technical quality of nonsurgical root canal treatment performed by a selected cohort of Australian endodontists. Int Endod J. 2008;41(7):561-70. 19.Khabbaz MG, Protogerou E, Douka E. Radiographic quality of root fillings performed by undergraduate students. Int Endod J. 2010;43(6):499-508. 20.Balto H, Al Khalifah S, Al Mugairin S, Al Deeb M, Al-Madi E. Technical quality of root fillings performed by undergraduate students in Saudi Arabia. Int Endod J. 2010;43(4):292-300. 21.Yavari H, Samiei M, Shahi S, Borna Z, Abdollahi AA, Ghiasvand N, et al. Radiographic evaluation of root canal fillings accomplished by undergraduate dental students. Iran Endod J. 2015;10(2):127-30. 22.Lambrianidis T. Observer variations in radiographic evaluation of endodontic therapy. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1985;1(6):235-41. 23.Forsberg J. Estimation of the root filling length with the paralleling and bisecting-angle techniques performed by undergraduate students. Int Endod J. 1987;20(6):282-6. 24.Eckerbom M, Magnusson T. Evaluation of technical quality of endodontic treatmentreliability of intraoral radiographs. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1997;13(6):259-64.
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
Women in Euripides Alcestis, Medea, Andromache, and Bacchae Essays
Euripides portrayal of women in his plays has been somewhat bizarre. His female characters kill out of revenge, kill out of jealousy and kill because a god possessed them too. In Alcestis and Andromache Euripides does produce classic heroic female characters. The women in Medea and The Bacchae are not your typical heroines but serve to show the same theme of female liberation as the women in Alcestis and Andromache. While Alcestis is straight forward with its message, the other three plays mask their true intentions from the people they are created to oppose. Euripides might have been misinterpreted by his society because it was dominated by the very people he wrote his plays against. Euripides disguises some of his radical ideas to those who might oppose him and in Alcestis, Andromache, Medea, and The Bacchae shows his female characters being liberated from oppression. In Alcestis we have the heroic female character Alcestis. She dies as a sacrifice to Death so that her husband, Admetus, can escape his own fate when his time comes. A sign that women are oppressed is that Admetus picked his wife to die for him without giving it much thought. It was only after he realized how loving and caring this woman can be, did he regret his decision. Not only did he regret the decision made with the god Apollo, but Apollo himself goes and has a talk with Death. This switch in the opinion of Admetus in a way expresses the fact that women are not viewed as they should be. Women should not be treated as if they have no useful value, as was the case when Admetus first allowed his wife to be his sacrifice, a decision that he would not have made if he had known the woman for more time. Women therefore should be valued more than they are now,... ... have committed were done against men as of the results of mans oppression against women. Euripides could have been telling the truth about his time, the tales of murderous women who seek revenge on their husbands, and the men of the his time might have tolerated this view. The point that might have escaped the men of Euripides' time was that he was pointing the finger at them. This accusation of men was hidden in his plays. Euripides masked such accusations as rants by crazed females. In a culture where disrespecting woman was in the norm, Euripides highlighted what could go wrong with such disrespect. The only reason that the people of Euripides' time might have not understood his point was that they saw no wrong being done in disrespecting women. How can people be afraid of the results of a mistake if they do not realize they made the mistake in the first place?
Sunday, November 10, 2019
Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely animal farm
When the animals take over the farm the pigs become the animals’ leaders, as they are the smartest of the animals. Major starts out telling the animals about his dream and convincing them that’s how the farm should be like. The pigs encourage that all animals are equal and have 7 commandments to keep the farm in order. After the animals start to agree with Napoleon more and more, Boxer says â€Å"If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right†(Orwell 56) that is how Napoleon gained his motto as â€Å"Napoleon is always right†.The animals became intimidated by the pigs and were too afraid to ever question their decisions. None of the other animals were smart enough to think differently. When Napoleon realizes how much power he has, he starts to take advantage of it. Napoleon starts to tweak the commandments to his advantage. Napoleon creates a rule saying, â€Å"The milk and windfall apples should be reserved for the pigs alone†(Orwell 36). Napoleon has only made this rule to benefit himself and his kind. When Squealer says, â€Å"Surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?†he is trying to scare the other animals into thinking Napoleons doing the right thing. The pigs should not be treated any better than the other animals. This is what started Napoleons corrupt set of values. Napoleon continues to make corrupt changes to the commandments and rules as he gains more and more authority. When â€Å"Napoleon accepted, through Whymper, a contract for 400 eggs a week†(Orwell 76) it was really unfair to the hens and he should have no control over that. Napoleon did not give any sympathy to the hens even after they revolted.Napoleon started to traumatize the hens for declining to give their eggs. Napoleon brought the situation way out of proportion and brutally starved some of the hens to death to get the eggs on time. Napoleon has no right to put the hens through hell just to because he says so. Napoleon started off as a true leader keeping the farm under control but once his control got so immense he turned corrupt. Napoleon made and changed rules to benefit himself. Napoleon became very selfish and unfair to all the other animals.No other animal ever had the guts or smarts to question Napoleons power and decisions; which worsened the situation and made Napoleon become more corrupt. Napoleon had a stern set of rules but if he happened to break a rule his fellow pigs would use a euphemism by adding a few words to the rule to soften the true meaning. If everyone could quickly turn to page 109, last paragraph. The other animals were not very smart so they were fooled into thinking they had just remembered the commandments wrong in the first place.Napoleon had such corrupt morals that he thought any rule he broke he could simply alter it so he was no longer breaking the rules. Napoleon ends up changing the entire commandments after he had gained all the power and money he wan ted. In the end, the most corrupt thing Napoleon did is when he changed all the commandments to â€Å"All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others†(134). This brought the farm back to exactly how it had started. This very corrupt decision made the animals think they could not question his unfair decisions simply because some animals are more equal than others.This took away all the freedom and equality that had kept the farm together. â€Å"Absolute power corrupts absolutely†this is exactly what happened to animal farm. Napoleon had started out so against humans and made rules against having any similarities with them. After Napoleon had become more and more corrupt he turned into exactly what he was against†¦ humans. Napoleon let his corrupt decisions get the best of him and alter his mind thinking he was above the rest. The animals were left with no power or leadership and all they had was a selfish, lying, corrupt dictator who acted just as a human.
Friday, November 8, 2019
sound of music essays
sound of music essays 25 pages in length. As the new millennium approaches, business and marketing strategies within all industries will continue to present inspired methods in order to reach for the highest profit margin in the twenty- first century. As a means by which to reach for the highest profit margin, and thus effectively represent idealistic philosophies, contemporary commerce has found that Internet-based businesses can, indeed, benefit a larger percentage of people than that of traditional commerce. Not unlike other enterprise that relies upon a positive bottom line to remain competitive, small and large companies alike are faced with ever-mounting competition in this day of high costs and an even higher competitive factor. Staying within the somewhat confined boundaries of industry, while at the same time attempting to focus on the ever-changing consumer market, is as much of a concern for modest companies as it is for any other conglomerate. Indeed, for businesses to thrive amidst global com petition, certain strategies must be approached. The writer discusses profitability of World Wide Web-based companies. Bibliography lists 21 sources. TLCbizwb.wps World Wide Websites and Small Businesses This 5 page report examines the opportunities available to small business through maintaining a website and marketing via the Internet. Bibliography lists 10 sources. Webiz.wps An 18 page paper discussing Dell's acsension to the number one producer of personal computers and the competitive pressures they face. Historically, Dell Computer has participated primarily in the hardware segment of the PC market, and has concentrated on government agencies and small business for the bulk of their sales. With the shift of focus among so many companies regarding just what the Internet might be able to do for them, both in terms of boosting sales of their own products and as a tool for developing intranets not dependent on physical location as Local Area N...
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
How to Use Transition Words Effectively
How to Use Transition Words Effectively Choppy! How is this related? Flow needs work! Have you ever received comments like these on your paper from professors or editors? If so, it is highly likely that you need to work on transition words and phrases to help bridge ideas and allow the flow of your writing to move in a more logical, coherent path. That coherency is what separates good writing from bad writing.Problems with transitions in writing often happen in the following scenarios:Youre working on a group project and need to combine chunks of writing from multiple students to make one paper or presentation. So, they give you their separate writing and leave it up to you to put it all together.You begin your writing without an outline to follow in the writing process.You write your paragraphs out of order when writing an essay or story, because you dont want to start with the hard stuff- hooks, introductions, and conclusions.So how do you fix the problem? Consider these tips for using transitional words and phrases the way theyre meant to be used.Know the purpose of transitions in writingI start with this tip because you have to know the purpose before you can learn the rules. Transitional words and phrases are not only a way to present your ideas logically- they are also a vital part of the writing process and cant be ignored. Whether youre writing for an academic assignment or writing a fictional novel, without mastering how to transition from one thought to another, or one paragraph to another, your writing will be confusing, at best. And this is regardless of the amount of time and effort you put into researching or preparation beforehand. At worst, a lack of proper transitioning between thoughts or steps will make your writing a jumbled, incomprehensible mess that is impossible for your reader to follow (and therefore likely to result in a less-than-stellar grade or college admission denial letter).Understand that logic is essential, especially in academic writingThe second point you need to know is that transition words (also known as conjunctive adverbs) are necessary in almost every genre of writing to form a logical narrative or argument. Really, theres no way to escape them. The only categories of writing that might not need transitions would fall into the poetry genre. As mentioned above, using the correct transition- whether in a single word or a phrase- is important for building logic into your paper or moving your story along.Even in our daily speech, we use transition words and phrases in our communication with others to change topics, tell a story, or even recount the events that occurred throughout our day. So then, and finally are just a few examples of commonly used transitions within our daily speech. Heres an example of a teenager accounting for his whereabouts:Mom: Where have you BEEN all day I was so worried.Teen: Mom, you have to listen, it wasnt my fault.Mom: So, whose fault was it?Teen: First, our bus was late leaving the school then we got caught i n traffic. There were wrecks or something blocking the freeway for miles. For that reason, we turned around and went back to the school; but there was traffic there too!As you can see from the underlined transitions, without them, the teen would surely be grounded.Realize that there are categories and learn themTransition words and phrases include several categories of transitions, and there are over 200 words and phrases that can be used for purposes of transitioning within your writing. These words are divided into categories based on the logical flow of your writing. There are different reasons for using transitions- sometimes to move the writing along, sometimes to show contrast, etc. For example, if you are using transition words to clarify, youd choose transitions like to put it another way, or to rephrase. If you are using them to move time along in a plot or research study, youd use words like then, once, next, etc.The differences between these categories and when to use eac h are nuanced, as are the differences between the words within each category. Expert writers might easily know which transition category and word/phrase to use. However, non-native writers are likely to have a less developed understanding of the nuances of each, simply because they have not had enough experience with the language to recognize the subtle differences. These things take time to learn.Below are the common categories in which transitional words and phrases are used, and some example words for each. If you use different sources, youll find that they may provide different categories (or arrangement of categories), but each place transitions into categories of purpose.Take the following example from the Writing Center at the University of Wisconsin- Madison.AdditionFurthermore, moreover, too, also, in the second place, again, in addition, even more, next, further, last, lastly, finally, besides, and, or, nor, first, second, secondly, etc.TimeWhile, immediately, never, after , later, earlier, always, when, soon, whenever, meanwhile, sometimes, in the meantime, during, afterwards, now, until now, next, following, once, then, at length, simultaneously, so far, this time, subsequentlyPlaceHere, there, nearby, beyond, wherever, opposite to, adjacent to, neighboring on, above, belowExemplification or illustrationTo illustrate, to demonstrate, specifically, for instance, as an illustration, e.g. (for example), for exampleComparisonIn the same way, by the same token, similarly, in like manner, likewise, in similar fashionContrastYet, and yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, after all, but, however, though, otherwise, on the contrary, in contrast, notwithstanding, on the other hand, at the same timeClarificationThat is to say, in other words, to explain, i.e. (that is), to clarify, to rephrase it, to put it another wayCauseBecause, since, on account of, for that reasonEffectTherefore, consequently, accordingly, thus, hence, as a resultPurposeIn order that, so that, to that end, to this end, for this purposeQualificationAlmost, nearly, probably, never, always, frequently, perhaps, maybe, althoughIntensificationIndeed, to repeat, by all means, of course, certainly, without doubt, yes, no, undoubtedly, in fact, surely, in factConcessionTo be sure, granted, of course, it is trueSummaryTo summarize, in sum, in brief, to sum up, in short, in summaryConclusionIn conclusion, to conclude, finallyDemonstratives acting as transitionsThis, those, these, thatTransition mistakes to avoidNow that you know the purposes and situations in which to use transitional words, lets take a moment to look at mistakes to avoid when writing. While transition words and phrases are necessary to make your writing coherent, the misuse of them can result in the exact opposite, leaving your reader confused and unable to understand your point (or story). Here are some common mistakes that professors and editors often find regarding the use of transition words.Illogical transiti onsIf the ultimate aim of using transition words is to bring logic to your writing, then using illogical transitions defeats the purpose. As I previously pointed out, each transition word or phrase has its own nuanced meaning and belongs to its own category. Using the wrong one can further confuse the point you are trying to make, or the relationship you need to show for it to make sense to your reader.Heres an example:Aliya was one of the most gracious hostesses I have ever met. However, she spoke with each person in the room, calling them by name, and smiling the whole time.In the above example, we can clearly see the use of the transition word however, followed correctly by a comma to separate it from the rest of the sentence. However, since the word chosen is a transition word denoting contrast, the lack of logic in these sentences creates confusion for the reader.Heres why. In the first sentence, we are given a statement about Aliya being a gracious hostess. In the second sente nce, we are given a reason why or example of why she deserves this praise. The use of the transition word however between the two causes confusion, because the second sentence illustrates the first, or provides an example of the first.Looking then into the Exemplification and illustration category of common transition words and phrases, we see that a better choice for transitioning between the two sentences would be for example, or to illustrate. The incorrect transition (however) doesnt fit because it belongs to the Contrast category, which means the second sentence is contrasting the first- which of course, isnt true in this case.Heres another example of this same mistake being made in an academic paper:The studys participants were chosen by the random sampling method and were given questionnaires about their experiences with social media. In other words, the sample population submitted their responses to be included in the data.As can be seen from the example above, the two sente nces are connected together by time, as in one event (the second sentence) occurring after the other (the first sentence). The transition word chosen, however, is from the Clarification category instead of the Time category, leaving the reader with a confusing statement to sort out.Transition overuseThe final mistake to avoid is overuse. Editors see this mistake often, mainly because the writers language skills are limited and do not yet include knowledge of the proper use of transitions. Using too many transitions can cause your writing to be difficult to read, since they are essentially road signs showing your reader how the content is moving forward. Using too many at once would be like coming to a 4-way stop that included hundreds of signs- some saying stop, some saying yield, but all putting out a different message.Heres an example of transition overuse:Arcadia was a town like any other. Therefore, the police patrolled the streets, the shopkeepers kept their shops, and children attended school on account of three weeks until summer break. For example, when a stranger walks through Arcadia, everyone notices; however, it was the secret to keeping their town well protected. In such, while adults spoke to each other in hurried conversations, at the same time, their eyes were always scanning to make sure things were going as normal there.So, what was the first thing you noticed while reading this passage? Was it the way the words interrupted the story unnecessarily? Did those transition words hurt instead of help make the paragraph clear and coherent?The mistake of using too many transitions and transitional phrases often occurs when someone is trying to beef up their writing. Transitions like however, for example, and in such seem somehow academic, and must make your writing sound more cultured or professional, right?Wrong.Overusing transitions creates distracting, incoherent writing that does not serve the intended purpose of the transitions in the first pla ce, which is to move the story along.
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